菸草業
菸草業(英語:Tobacco industry)包括從事菸草和菸草相關產品的種植、銷售、運輸、宣傳和分銷的公司和個人。[1]由於菸葉能夠在除了南極洲之外的全球各地種植,因此菸草業是全球性的產業。
根據《菸草控制框架公約》,「菸草業」包括菸草製造商、菸草產品批發分銷商和進口商。這項以證據為基礎的條約期望其181個批准的成員國執行與菸草控制有關的公共衛生政策,"保護今世後代免受菸草消費和接觸菸草菸霧對健康、社會、環境和經濟造成的破壞性後果"。[2]
參考文獻
編輯- ^ Brandt, Allan M. Inventing Conflicts of Interest: A History of Tobacco Industry Tactics. American Journal of Public Health. January 2012, 102 (1): 63–71 [2021-11-29]. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3490543 . PMID 22095331. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300292. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-11).
- ^ WHO | WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. WHO. [2021-06-24]. (原始內容存檔於2022-04-04).
- ^ The 5 Most Addictive Substances On Earth. Addiction Center. 2016-03-09 [2021-06-24]. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-24) (美國英語).
- ^ Tobacco & Colonial American Economy. World History Encyclopedia. [2021-06-24]. (原始內容存檔於2022-04-22) (英語).
延伸閲讀
編輯- Apollonio, Dorie; Malone, Ruth E. Marketing to the marginalised: tobacco industry targeting of the homeless and mentally ill. Tobacco Control. 2005, 14 (6): 409–415. PMC 1748120 . PMID 16319365. doi:10.1136/tc.2005.011890.
- Glantz, S. A.; Slade, J.; Bero, L. A.; Hanauer, P.; Barnes, D. E. The Cigarette Papers. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1996.
- MacKay, Judith. The Tobacco Atlas. 世界衛生組織. 2002. ISBN 92-4-156209-9.
- Males, Mike A. Smoked: Why Joe Camel Is Still Smiling. Common Courage Press. 1999. ISBN 1-56751-172-4.
- Milov, Sarah. The Cigarette: A Political History. Harvard University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-0674241213.
- Proctor, Robert N.. Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2012. ISBN 9780520270169.