维基百科

吉兹语

古代南闪米特语言

吉兹语[5][6]（英语：Geʽez，/ˈɡiːɛz/[7][8]）或格厄兹语[9]（吉兹语：ግዕዝ，Gəʿəz，国际音标：[ɡɨʕɨz][注 1]），又称古典埃塞俄比亚语，是一种古代的语言，现在只作宗教用途。这种语言在东非洲的非洲之角、埃塞俄比亚高原之上发展。

吉兹语
格厄兹语
ግዕዝ Gəʿəz
发音国际音标：[ɡɨʕɨz]
母语国家和地区厄立特里亚、埃塞俄比亚
语言灭亡估计在4世纪[1]至10世纪之间[2]。
仍然作为礼拜语言使用[3]。
语系
文字吉兹字母
官方地位
作为官方语言埃塞俄比亚正教会、厄立特里亚正教会（英语：Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church）、埃塞俄比亚礼天主教会[3]及贝塔以色列人[4]的礼拜语言。
语言代码
ISO 639-2gez
ISO 639-3gez
本条目包含国际音标符号。部分操作系统及浏览器需要特殊字母与符号支持才能正确显示，否则可能显示为乱码、问号、空格等其它符号。
吉兹语经文

语音学

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母音

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Geʽez vowels
  前  央 后
闭 /i/ i /ɨ/ ə /u/ u
中 /e/ e /o/ o
次开 /æ ~ ɐ/[a] a
开 /a ~ ɑ/[b] ā
  1. ^ /æ/ in the Amharic liturgical pronunciation,[10] or /ɐ/[11] (as in Tigrinya).
  2. ^ According to Lambdin.[12]


  • ä [æ] < Proto-Semitic *a
  • u [u:] < Proto-Semitic *ū
  • i [i:] < Proto-Semitic *ī
  • a [a:] < Proto-Semitic *ā
  • e [e:] < Proto-Semitic *ay
  • ə [ɨ] < Proto-Semitic *i, *u
  • o [o:] < Proto-Semitic *aw

注解

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  1. ^ [ɨ]是闭央不圆唇元音，勿与闭前不圆唇元音[i]混淆。

注释

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  1. ^ Evans De Lacy O'Leary, 2000 "Comparative grammar of the semitic languages". Routledge. P 23.
  2. ^ Gene Gragg 1997. "The Semitic Languages". Taylor & Francis. Robert Hetzron Ed. ISBN 978-0-415-05767-7.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 "No longer in popular use, Ge'ez has always remained the language of the Church", [CHA]
  4. ^ "They read the Bible in Geez" (Leaders and Religion of the Falashas); "after each passage, recited in Geez, the translation is read in Kailina" (Festivals). [PER]. Note the publication date of this source.
  5. ^ 唐作藩. 中国语言文字学大辞典. 中国大百科全书出版社. 2007: 6. ISBN 9787500076803. 
  6. ^ 簡明大英百科全書. 台湾中华书局. 1988: 56, 625. 
  7. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  8. ^ Geez. 牛津英语词典 (第三版). 牛津大学出版社. 2005-09 （英语）. 
  9. ^ 洪放. 死海古卷. 揭示二千年前聖經真貌（下）. 基督教周报. No. 2487 (香港华人基督教联会). 2012-04-22 [2020-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-20） （中文（繁体））. 
  10. ^ Gragg 1997a，第177页: "/ä/ is low central front, higher and more forward than /a/, secondarily perhaps also shorter; approximates IPA [æ]."
  11. ^ Lambdin 1978，第3页: "a [æ, ä]"
  12. ^ Lambdin 1978，第3页: "ā [a, ɑ]"

参考文献

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  • [BUD] Budge, E. A. Wallis. 1928. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970.
  • CHA Chain, M. Ethiopia transcribed by: Donahue M. in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume V. Published 1909. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, May 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. + John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York
  • [DIR] Diringer, David. 1968. The Alphabet, A Key To The History of Mankind.
  • [KOB] Kobishchanov, Yuri M. 1979. Axum in SomeCollectionOfWritings[来源请求], edited by Joseph W. Michels; translated by: Lorraine T. Kapitanoff. University Park, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 978-0-271-00531-7.
  • MAT Matara Aksumite & Pre-Aksumite City Webpage
  • MUN（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Munro-Hay Stuart. 1991. Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0106-6.
  • [PAN68] Pankhurst, Richard K.P. 1968.An Economic History of Ethiopia, 1800-1935, Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University Press.
  • PAN03 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Pankhurst, Richard K.P. A Glimpse into 16th. Century Ethiopian History Abba 'Enbaqom, Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim, and the "Conquest of Abyssinia". Addis Tribune. November 14, 2003.
  • PER （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Perruchon, J. D. and Gottheil, Richard. Falashas in The Jewish Encyclopidia. 1901-1906.

延伸阅读

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语法
  • Aläqa Tayyä, Maṣḥafa sawāsəw. Monkullo: Swedish Mission 1896/7 (=1889 according to the Ethiopian calendar).
  • Dillmann, August; Bezold, Carl, Ethiopic Grammar, 2nd edition translated from German by James Crichton, London 1907. ISBN 978-1-59244-145-7 (2003 reprint). (Published in German: ¹1857, ²1899).
  • Kidanä Wäld Kəfle, Maṣḥafa sawāsəw wagəss wamazgaba ḳālāt ḥaddis ("A new grammar and dictionary"), Dire Dawa: Artistik Matämiya Bet 1955/6 (=1948 according to the Ethiopian calendar).
  • Lambdin, Thomas O., Introduction to Classical Ethiopic, Harvard Semitic Studies 24, Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press 1978. ISBN 978-0-89130-263-6.
  • Stefan Weninger, Ge'ez grammar, Munich, ISBN 978-3-929075-04-5 (1st edition), ISBN 978-3-89586-604-3 (2nd revised edition).
  • Gene Gragg Ge`ez Phonology, in: Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Vol 1), ed. A. S. Kaye & P. T. Daniels, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana (1997).
文学
  • Taddesse Adera, Ali Jimale Ahmed (eds.), Silence Is Not Golden: A Critical Anthology of Ethiopian Literature, Red Sea Press (1995), ISBN 978-0-932415-47-9.
  • Jon Bonk, Annotated and Classified Bibliography of English Literature Pertaining to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Atla Bibliography Series, Scarecrow Pr (1984), ISBN 978-0-8108-1710-4.
词典
  • Dillmann, August, Lexicon linguæ Æthiopicæ cum indice Latino, Lipsiae 1865.
  • Leslau, Wolf, Comparative Dictionary of Geez (Classical Ethiopic): Geez-English, English-Geez, with an Index of the Semitic Roots, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1987. ISBN 978-3-447-02592-8.
  • idem, Concise Dictionary of Ge`ez (Classical Ethiopic), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1989. ISBN 978-3-447-02873-8.
  • Ludolf, Hiob, Lexicon Aethiopico-Latinum, Ed. by J. M. Wansleben, London 1661.
  • Wemmers, J., Lexicon Aethiopicum, Rome 1638.

参阅

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外部链接

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