次開央元音
次開央元音是元音的一種,用於一些口說語言當中,國際音標以⟨ɐ⟩代表此音,而X-SAMPA音標則以⟨6⟩代表此音。國際音標中的此符號為一個倒轉的印刷體a。 事實上,國際音標中並沒有特別說明[ɐ]的圓唇度[1]又其圓唇的變體僅出現在薩比尼語做為獨立音素出現(該語言中有超短(overshort)的次開央不圓唇元音與次開央圓唇元音)[2][3],故一般使用此符號時大多指的是次開央不圓唇元音。
次開央元音 | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɐ | |||
IPA編號 | 324 | ||
編碼 | |||
HTML碼(十進制) | ɐ | ||
Unicode碼(十六進制) | U+0250 | ||
X-SAMPA音標 | 6 | ||
ASCII音標 | &" | ||
IPA盲文 | |||
| |||
音頻範例 | |||
特徵
编辑- 此音有可能圓唇也有可能不圓唇。不圓唇的狀況可能以/ɜ̞/表示;而圓唇的狀況可能以/ɞ̞/表示。
见于
编辑下表中⟨ɐ⟩已假定不是圆唇音。圆唇形式写作⟨ɐ̹⟩。后者有时可以是开元音。
语言 | 词汇 | 国际音标 | 意义 | 注释 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
孟加拉语[4] | পা / pa | [pɐ] | 腿 | 一般记作⟨a⟩。参见孟加拉语音系 | |
保加利亚语[5] | пара/para | [pɐˈra] | 硬币 | /ɤ/和/a/的非重读同位异音。[5]可以记作⟨ə⟩。参见保加利亚语音系 | |
缅语[6] | မတ်/maat | [mɐʔ] | 垂直 | /a/在喉塞闭音节且鼻化的同位异音;口语开音节实现为开元音[ä]。[7] | |
加泰罗尼亚语 | 巴塞罗那大都市区[8][9] | emmagatzemar | [ɐm(ː)ɐɣ̞ɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä] | 储存 | 一般记作⟨ə⟩。参见加泰罗尼亚语音系 |
汉语 | 粤语[10] | 心 / sam1 | [sɐ̝m˥] | 心 | 半开。[10]参见粤语音系 |
上海话[11] | [kɐʔ˦] | 切 | 只出现在闭音节;确切的高度和后移度不明确。[11] | ||
丹麦语[12] | fatter | [ˈfætɐ] | 懂(第三人称) | 介于次开央元音[ɐ]、次开次后圆唇元音[ɐ̹˗]和中次后不圆唇元音[ə̠]之间。[12]参见丹麦语音系 | |
丁卡语 | Luanyjang[13] | [orthographic form needed] |
[lɐ́ŋ] | 莓 | /a/的短音同位异音;介于次开[ɐ]和半开[ɐ̝]间。[13] |
艾米莉亚语 | Bulåggna | [buˈlʌɲɲɐ] | 布洛尼亚 | 央化的/a/。 | |
英语 | 加利福尼亚英语[14] | nut | [nɐt] | 坚果 | 参见英语音系 |
考克尼[15][16] | [nɐ̟ʔ] | 次前元音。[15] | |||
东盎格鲁英语[17] | [nɐʔ] | 在一些地方(如Colchester)取代传统的[ʌ]使用。[17] | |||
新西兰英语[18] | [nɐʔt] | 介于次开次前元音[ɐ̟]、次开央元音[ɐ]、开次前元音[a̠]和开央元音[ɐ̞]之间。[18]参见新西兰英语音系 | |||
标准英音[19] | 参见英语音系 | ||||
北美内陆英语[20] | bet | [bɐt] | 赌 | /ɛ/的变体,出现在经历过北城元音链移的口音。 | |
伦敦中产阶级英语[21] | lot | [lɐ̹ʔt] | 多 | 圆唇;可以是后元音[ɒ]。[21]参见英语音系 | |
加利西亚语 | feita | [ˈfejt̪ɐ] | 做完了 | 末尾非重读的/a/的同位异音。参见加利西亚语音系 | |
德语 | 标准德语[22] | oder | ⓘ | 或 | 确切的高度、后移度和圆唇度介于[ä]和[ɔ]间,取决于环境。有时也用开双元音[əɐ̯]。[22]参见标准德语音系 |
北部德语方言[23] | kommen | [ˈkʰɐmən] | 来 | 介于央元音[ɐ]和后元音[ɑ]之间;和标准德语半开圆唇元音[ɔ]对应。[23]参见标准德语音系 | |
希腊语 | Modern Standard[24] | ακακία / akakía | [ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ] | 刺槐 | 一般记作⟨a⟩。参见现代希腊语音系 |
豪萨语[25] | [比如?] | /a/可能的同位异音,也可以和[ə]一样闭或和[ä]一样开。[25] | |||
印度斯坦语[26] | दस/دَس/dās/daas | [ˈd̪ɐs] | 十 | /ə/的一般实现。[26]参见印度斯坦语音系 | |
韩语[27] | 하나 / hana | [hɐnɐ] | 一 | 一般记作⟨a⟩。参见韩语音系 | |
Kumzari[28] | [orthographic form?] | [ɡɐ̟p] | 大 | 次前元音。[28] | |
立陶宛语 | kas | [kɐs̪] | 什么 | 参见立陶宛语音系 | |
卢森堡语[29] | Kanner | [ˈkʰɑnɐ̠] | 孩子们 | 次后元音。[30] 参见卢森堡语音系 | |
马普切语[31] | karü | [ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝] | 绿 | 半开元音;[31]一般记作⟨a⟩。 | |
挪威语 | Østfold dialect[32] | bada | [ˈbɐ̹̂ːdɐ] | 沐浴 | 例词同时有圆唇音[ɐ̹]和非圆唇音[ɐ]。 |
葡萄牙语[33][34] | aja | [ˈäʒɐ] | 行为(subj.) | 欧洲葡萄牙语里是更闭的[ɐ̝],相较于巴西葡萄牙语的([ɐ])。[33][34]参见葡萄牙語音系 | |
罗马尼亚语 | 摩尔达维亚方言[35] | bărbat | [bɐrˈbat] | 人 | 和标准音[ə]对应。参见罗马尼亚语音系 |
俄语 | 标准莫斯科音[36] | голова | ⓘ | 头 | 和标准圣彼得堡音[ʌ]对应;[36]主要出现在重读音节之前。参见俄语音系 |
萨比尼语[2] | [比如?] | 超短非圆唇和超短圆唇次开央元音对立。[3] | |||
乌克兰语[37] | слива | [ˈslɪwɐ] | 李子 | 参见乌克兰語音系 | |
越南语[38] | chếch | [cɐ̆jk̚] | 怀疑地 | 一般记作⟨ə̆⟩。参见越南語音系 | |
史兴语[39][40] | [Htsʰɐ][需要解释] | 盐 | 低地史兴语是次开元音[ɐ],高地史兴语是半开元音[ɐ̝]。后者可以记作⟨ɜ⟩例词来自低地史兴语。[40][41] |
參閲
编辑參考文獻
编辑引用
编辑- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999),第166頁.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 UPSID 4)S. [27 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-17).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 UPSID SEBEI. [27 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-16).
- ^ Khan (2010),第222頁.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999),第56頁.
- ^ Watkins (2001),第293頁.
- ^ Watkins (2001),第292–293頁.
- ^ Rafel (1999),第14頁.
- ^ Harrison (1997),第2頁.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Zee (1999),第59頁.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015),第328頁.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Basbøll (2005),第58頁.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Remijsen & Manyang (2009),第117, 119頁.
- ^ Ladefoged (1999),第42頁.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Wells (1982),第305頁.
- ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979),第35頁.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Trudgill (2004),第167頁.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Bauer et al. (2007),第98頁.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999),第186頁.
- ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles, A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, 1997 [March 15, 2013], (原始内容存档于2005-12-23)
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Altendorf & Watt (2004:188頁)。作者区分[ɒ̟]和[ɒ̈]前者更后。
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Krech et al. (2009),第86頁.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),第64頁.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007),第25頁.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Schuh & Yalwa (1999),第90–91頁.
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Ohala (1999),第102頁.
- ^ Lee (1999),第121頁.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Anonby (2011),第378頁.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013),第68, 70頁.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013),第70頁.
- ^ 31.0 31.1 Sadowsky et al. (2013),第92頁.
- ^ Jahr (1990:92頁)
- ^ 33.0 33.1 Cruz-Ferreira (1995),第91頁.
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Barbosa & Albano (2004),第229頁.
- ^ Pop (1938),第29頁.
- ^ 36.0 36.1 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015),第225頁.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),第4頁.
- ^ Hoang (1965),第24頁.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013),第369–370頁.
- ^ 40.0 40.1 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013),第388–389頁.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013),第369頁.
出处
编辑- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C., Brazilian Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
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- Lee, Hyun Bok, Korean, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 120–122, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Padgett, Jaye; Tabain, Marija, Adaptive Dispersion Theory and Phonological Vowel Reduction in Russian (PDF), Phonetica, 2005, 62 (1): 14–54 [2012-08-21], PMID 16116302, doi:10.1159/000087223, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-09-27)
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- Basbøll, Hans, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
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