邦德事件

邦德事件（英語：Bond event），又稱1500年氣候周期，是指北大西洋的冰筏活動，與全新世以來全球氣候變化有關。目前已發生八起邦德活動，周期在1,000-1,500年之間^[1]^[2]。

傑拉德·C·邦德通過哥倫比亞大學的拉蒙特-多爾蒂地球觀測所做了一系列北大西洋岩石軌跡的研究，於1997年發表論文，認為晚更新世以來全球氣候存在1470年的周期性波動^[1]^[3]。然而此後的研究結果表明，支持此氣候循環的證據不多^[2]。

此外，2005年格陵蘭島冰芯（英語：ice core）數據顯示^[4]，這種氣候變化與丹斯伽阿德-厄施格爾周期沒有太大關聯^[2]^[5]^[6]。北大西洋冰筏活動與美國靠近大西洋地區湖泊水位下降有關，和中東地區持續55,000年的乾旱也有部分關聯^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]。

列表

邦德活動概況

大多數邦德活動沒有明顯的氣候變化標誌，但通常伴隨着氣候轉冷或乾旱。

No.	距今	年份	備註
0	≈ 500	≈ 1500 AD	參見小冰期^[12]
1	≈ 1,400	≈ 600 AD	參見民族大遷徙^[12] 和古典晚期小冰期（英語：Late Antique Little Ice Age）
2	≈ 2,800	≈ 800 BC	參見鐵器時代冷期（英語：Iron Age Cold Epoch）
3	≈ 4,200	≈ 2200 BC	參見4.2千年事件；阿卡德帝國滅亡，埃及古王國時期結束^[13]^[14]
4	≈ 5,900	≈ 3900 BC	參見5.9千年事件；撒哈拉沙漠在公元前3500–3000年間重新形成，早期青銅時代約開始於公元前3300年
5	≈ 8,200	≈ 6200 BC	參見8.2千年事件
6	≈ 9,400	≈ 7400 BC	挪威的冰川進行埃爾達倫活動^[15]，中國氣候變冷^[16]
7	≈ 10,300	≈ 8300 BC
8	≈ 11,100	≈ 9100 BC	新仙女木期結束，進入北方時期（英語：Boreal (age)）^[17]

對區域氣候的影響

全新世氧18和氘的冰記錄來自薩哈馬火山、瓦斯卡蘭山和伊宜馬尼峰。箭頭顯示可能與邦德事件有關的溫度下降。

在南美洲中部安地斯山脈等偏遠地區發現了邦德事件。

在熱帶安第斯山脈的三個冰芯記錄中，已經確定了全新世早期和全新世中期期間多達六個邦德旋迴。這些記錄是從薩哈馬火山、瓦斯卡蘭山和伊宜馬尼峰的山峰中提取的。探測到的周期為距今6,400年、距今5500年、距今3,700年、距今2,700年、距今1,300年和距今200年並表示溫度下降。

參見

冰蓋動力學
海因里希事件（英語：Heinrich event）

參考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Bond, G.; et al. Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate During the Holocene. Science. 2001, 294 (5549): 2130–2136. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2130B. PMID 11739949. S2CID 38179371. doi:10.1126/science.1065680.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Obrochta, Stephen P.; Miyahara, Hiroko; Yokoyama, Yusuke; Crowley, Thomas J. A re-examination of evidence for the North Atlantic "1500-year cycle" at Site 609. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2012-11-08, 55: 23–33 [2022-04-09]. Bibcode:2012QSRv...55...23O. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.08.008. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-07）.
^ Bond, G.; et al. A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates (PDF). Science. 1997, 278 (5341): 1257–1266. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1257B. doi:10.1126/science.278.5341.1257. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-02-27）.
^ Svensson, A.; Andersen, K. K.; Bigler, M.; Clausen, H. B.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Davies, S. M.; Johnsen, S. J.; Muscheler, R.; Parrenin, F. A 60 000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology (PDF). Clim. Past. 2008-03-31, 4 (1): 47–57 [2022-04-09]. Bibcode:2008CliPa...4...47S. doi:10.5194/cp-4-47-2008  . （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-06-09）.
^ Ditlevsen, P. D.; Andersen, K. K.; Svensson, A. The DO-climate events are probably noise induced: statistical investigation of the claimed 1470 years cycle. Clim. Past. 2007-02-28, 3 (1): 129–134. Bibcode:2007CliPa...3..129D. doi:10.5194/cp-3-129-2007  .
^ Obrochta, Stephen P.; Yokoyama, Yusuke; Morén, Jan; Crowley, Thomas J. Conversion of GISP2-based sediment core age models to the GICC05 extended chronology. Quaternary Geochronology. 2014-04-01, 20: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2013.09.001.
^ Li, Yong-Xiang; Yu, Zicheng; Kodama, Kenneth P. Sensitive moisture response to Holocene millennial-scale climate variations in the Mid-Atlantic region, USA. The Holocene. 2007, 17 (1): 3–8. Bibcode:2007Holoc..17....3L. S2CID 2206358. doi:10.1177/0959683606069386.
^ Gupta, Anil K.; Anderson, David M.; Overpeck, Jonathan T. Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature. 2003, 421 (6921): 354–357. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..354G. PMID 12540924. S2CID 4304234. doi:10.1038/nature01340.
^ Yongjin Wang; et al. The Holocene Asian Monsoon: Links to Solar Changes and North Atlantic Climate. Science. 2005, 308 (5723): 854–857. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..854W. PMID 15879216. S2CID 54532439. doi:10.1126/science.1106296.
^ Bartov, Yuval; Goldstein, Steven L.; Stein, Mordechai; Enzel, Yehouda. Catastrophic arid episodes in the Eastern Mediterranean linked with the North Atlantic Heinrich events. Geology（英語：Geology (journal)）. 2003, 31 (5): 439–442. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..439B. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0439:CAEITE>2.0.CO;2.
^ Parker, Adrian G.; et al. A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia. Quaternary Research. 2006, 66 (3): 465–476. Bibcode:2006QuRes..66..465P. S2CID 140158532. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.001.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Zhao, Keliang; et al. Climatic variations over the last 4000 cal yr BP in the western margin of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, reconstructed from pollen data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2012,. 321–322: 16–23. Bibcode:2012PPP...321...16Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.012.
^ Gibbons, Ann. How the Akkadian Empire Was Hung Out to Dry. Science. 1993, 261 (5124): 985. Bibcode:1993Sci...261..985G. PMID 17739611. doi:10.1126/science.261.5124.985.
^ Stanley, Jean-Daniel; et al. Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt: Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence. Geoarchaeology. 2003, 18 (3): 395–402 [2022-04-09]. doi:10.1002/gea.10065. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-28）.
^ Dahl, Svein Olaf; et al. Timing, equilibrium-line altitudes and climatic implications of two early-Holocene glacier readvances during the Erdalen Event at Jostedalsbreen, western Norway. The Holocene. 2002, 12 (1): 17–25. Bibcode:2002Holoc..12...17D. S2CID 128539563. doi:10.1191/0959683602hl516rp.
^ Zhou Jing; Wang Sumin; Yang Guishan; Xiao Haifeng. Younger Dryas Event and Cold Events in Early-Mid Holocene: Record from the sediment of Erhai Lake (PDF). Advances in Climate Change Research. 2007, 3 (Suppl): 1673–1719. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-07-06）.
^ Allen, Harriet D. Response of past and present Mediterranean ecosystems to environmental change. Progress in Physical Geography. 2003, 27 (3): 359–377. doi:10.1191/030913303767888482.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Bond, G.; et al. Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate During the Holocene. Science. 2001, 294 (5549): 2130–2136. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2130B. PMID 11739949. S2CID 38179371. doi:10.1126/science.1065680.

[:1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Obrochta, Stephen P.; Miyahara, Hiroko; Yokoyama, Yusuke; Crowley, Thomas J. A re-examination of evidence for the North Atlantic "1500-year cycle" at Site 609. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2012-11-08, 55: 23–33 [2022-04-09]. Bibcode:2012QSRv...55...23O. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.08.008. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-07）.

[Bond1997-3] Bond, G.; et al. A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates (PDF). Science. 1997, 278 (5341): 1257–1266. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1257B. doi:10.1126/science.278.5341.1257. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-02-27）.

[4] Svensson, A.; Andersen, K. K.; Bigler, M.; Clausen, H. B.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Davies, S. M.; Johnsen, S. J.; Muscheler, R.; Parrenin, F. A 60 000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology (PDF). Clim. Past. 2008-03-31, 4 (1): 47–57 [2022-04-09]. Bibcode:2008CliPa...4...47S. doi:10.5194/cp-4-47-2008  . （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-06-09）.

[5] Ditlevsen, P. D.; Andersen, K. K.; Svensson, A. The DO-climate events are probably noise induced: statistical investigation of the claimed 1470 years cycle. Clim. Past. 2007-02-28, 3 (1): 129–134. Bibcode:2007CliPa...3..129D. doi:10.5194/cp-3-129-2007  .

[6] Obrochta, Stephen P.; Yokoyama, Yusuke; Morén, Jan; Crowley, Thomas J. Conversion of GISP2-based sediment core age models to the GICC05 extended chronology. Quaternary Geochronology. 2014-04-01, 20: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2013.09.001.

[7] Li, Yong-Xiang; Yu, Zicheng; Kodama, Kenneth P. Sensitive moisture response to Holocene millennial-scale climate variations in the Mid-Atlantic region, USA. The Holocene. 2007, 17 (1): 3–8. Bibcode:2007Holoc..17....3L. S2CID 2206358. doi:10.1177/0959683606069386.

[8] Gupta, Anil K.; Anderson, David M.; Overpeck, Jonathan T. Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature. 2003, 421 (6921): 354–357. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..354G. PMID 12540924. S2CID 4304234. doi:10.1038/nature01340.

[9] Yongjin Wang; et al. The Holocene Asian Monsoon: Links to Solar Changes and North Atlantic Climate. Science. 2005, 308 (5723): 854–857. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..854W. PMID 15879216. S2CID 54532439. doi:10.1126/science.1106296.

[10] Bartov, Yuval; Goldstein, Steven L.; Stein, Mordechai; Enzel, Yehouda. Catastrophic arid episodes in the Eastern Mediterranean linked with the North Atlantic Heinrich events. Geology（英語：Geology (journal)）. 2003, 31 (5): 439–442. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..439B. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0439:CAEITE>2.0.CO;2.

[Parker2006-11] Parker, Adrian G.; et al. A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia. Quaternary Research. 2006, 66 (3): 465–476. Bibcode:2006QuRes..66..465P. S2CID 140158532. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.001.

[Zhao2012-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Zhao, Keliang; et al. Climatic variations over the last 4000 cal yr BP in the western margin of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, reconstructed from pollen data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2012,. 321–322: 16–23. Bibcode:2012PPP...321...16Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.012.

[13] Gibbons, Ann. How the Akkadian Empire Was Hung Out to Dry. Science. 1993, 261 (5124): 985. Bibcode:1993Sci...261..985G. PMID 17739611. doi:10.1126/science.261.5124.985.

[14] Stanley, Jean-Daniel; et al. Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt: Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence. Geoarchaeology. 2003, 18 (3): 395–402 [2022-04-09]. doi:10.1002/gea.10065. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-28）.

[15] Dahl, Svein Olaf; et al. Timing, equilibrium-line altitudes and climatic implications of two early-Holocene glacier readvances during the Erdalen Event at Jostedalsbreen, western Norway. The Holocene. 2002, 12 (1): 17–25. Bibcode:2002Holoc..12...17D. S2CID 128539563. doi:10.1191/0959683602hl516rp.

[Zhou2007-16] Zhou Jing; Wang Sumin; Yang Guishan; Xiao Haifeng. Younger Dryas Event and Cold Events in Early-Mid Holocene: Record from the sediment of Erhai Lake (PDF). Advances in Climate Change Research. 2007, 3 (Suppl): 1673–1719. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-07-06）.

[17] Allen, Harriet D. Response of past and present Mediterranean ecosystems to environmental change. Progress in Physical Geography. 2003, 27 (3): 359–377. doi:10.1191/030913303767888482.

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