毛马陆目
倍足纲的一目节肢动物
毛马陆目(学名:Polyxenida)为倍足纲下的一个目,最大的特征在于在柔软无钙化的外壳上布满了刚毛。毛马陆目下共有4科至少167种,也是毛尾马陆亚纲下唯一的现存目。
毛马陆目 | |
---|---|
Polyxenus lagurus | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
亚门: | 多足亚门 Myriapoda |
纲: | 倍足纲 Diplopoda |
亚纲: | 毛尾马陆亚纲 Penicillata Latrielle, 1831 |
目: | 毛马陆目 Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 |
科 | |
异名 | |
亚目 |
描述
编辑毛马陆与其他马陆最大的差异在于牠们具有柔软无钙化的外骨骼、甲壳上布满了刚毛、较少的脚数量(不超过17对)、且雄性缺乏生殖肢。体型偏小,体长最长不会超过7毫米(0.28英寸)。
防御机制
编辑毛马陆缺乏一般马陆所具有的坚硬外骨骼与化学防御机制[1],而是具有一套独特的自我防卫方法:牠们身上具倒刺的纲毛十分容易脱落,能残留在掠食性昆虫的附肢与口器上,进而阻碍牠们的行动[2]。
繁殖
编辑分类学
编辑毛马陆为毛尾马陆亚纲现存的唯一目,且为所有马陆所属亚纲的基群。毛尾马陆亚纲为所有现存马陆的姊妹群,包括五带马陆下纲及蠕形马陆下纲[6][7]。
2003年,毛马陆目包含了159种有效种及亚种[8],但是自2010年以来,已陆续发表了至少8个新种[5][9][10]。
- 毛马陆总科 Polyxenoidea Lucas, 1840
- Hypogexenidae Schubart, 1947
- Lophoproctidae Silvestri, 1897
- 毛马陆科 Polyxenidae Lucas, 1840
- 合马陆总科 Synxenoidea Silvestri, 1923
- 合马陆科 Synxenidae Silvestri, 1923
化石纪录
编辑最早的毛马陆化石发现于黎巴嫩白垩纪早期的一个琥珀之中[11]。
部分科学家将已灭绝的节肋目与Eoarthropleurida并入毛尾马陆亚纲之下,作为毛马陆目的姊妹群[12][13]。
参考文献
编辑- ^ Shelley, Rowland M. The Myriapoda (Millipedes, Centipedes) Featuring the North American Fauna. [12 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-14).
- ^ Eisner, T; Eisner, M; Deyrup, M. Millipede defense: use of detachable bristles to entangle ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996, 93 (20): 10848–51. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9310848E. PMC 38244 . PMID 8855269. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.10848.
- ^ Shelley, Rowland M. Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna. The Kansas School Naturalist. 1999, 45 (3): 1–16 [2020-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-12).
- ^ Barnes, Robert D. 15. The myriapods. Invertebrate zoology 5th. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. 1987: 674–683.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Nguyen Duy - Jacquemin, Monique; Uys, Charmaine; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques. Two remarkable new species of Penicillata (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) from Table Mountain National Park (Cape Town, South Africa). ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 85–103. PMC 3253573 . PMID 22303097. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2211.
- ^ Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology. 2007, 52 (1): 401–420. PMID 17163800. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210.
- ^ Shear, W. Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q.(ed.) Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 3148: 159–164 [2020-02-10]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-25).
- ^ Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M.; J.-J. Geoffroy. A revised comprehensive checklist, relational database, and taxonomic system of reference for the bristly millipedes of the world (Diplopoda, Polyxenida). African Invertebrates. 2003, 44 (1): 89–101 [2020-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-23).
- ^ Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. The genus Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. ZooKeys. 2011, (156): 105–122 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3253574 . PMID 22303098. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2168. (原始内容存档于2014-07-20).
- ^ Short, Megan; Huynh, Cuong. Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys. 2013, (278): 75–90 [2020-02-10]. PMC 3677348 . PMID 23794829. doi:10.3897/zookeys.278.4765. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ Duy-Jacquemin, MN; Azar, D. The oldest records of Polyxenida (Myriapoda, Diplopoda): New discoveries from the Cretaceous ambers of Lebanon and France. Geodiversitas. 2004, 26 (4): 631–641.
- ^ Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2010, 39 (2–3): 174–190. PMID 19944188. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002.
- ^ Kraus, O; C. Brauckman. Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and Pselaphognatha (Ateolocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction. Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg. 2003, 40 (5): 5–50.