巴尔米拉

帕尔米拉古城遗址
世界遗产
	2010年的巴尔米拉
官方名称	Site of Palmyra（英文）; Site de Palmyre（法文）
位置	叙利亚（阿拉伯国家）
标准	文化：(i)(ii)(iv)
参考编码	23
登录年份	1980年（第4届会议）
列为濒危	2013年至今
坐标	34°33′9″N 38°15′54″E / 34.55250°N 38.26500°E

巴尔米拉（希腊语：Παλμυρα；巴尔米拉亚兰语：𐡶𐡣𐡬𐡥𐡴，也译帕尔米拉），是在叙利亚中部的一个重要的古代城市，位于大马士革东北215公里，幼发拉底河西南120公里处。是商队穿越叙利亚沙漠的重要中转站，也是重要的商业中心。巴尔米拉是该城的希腊语名字，来源于它最初的亚拉姆语名字“塔德莫”（Tadmor），意为“棕榈树”。

历史

古代

遗址鸟瞰

塔德莫最早是在马利（Mari）公元前2000年的文献中被提到，马力是附近另一连接美索不达米亚和北叙利亚的贸易城市。塔德莫也在旧约中被提到（历代志下8.4），是一座所罗门设防的沙漠城市。塔马城（Tamar）在列王纪上被提到，所罗门也在此设防，塔马被认为是塔德莫在传统希伯来读音中的读法。塔德莫在约瑟夫所著的《犹太古史》中被认为是所罗门所建，并指出希腊语名字巴尔米拉。

在现代希伯来语中，巴尔米拉的名字还是塔德莫。巴尔米拉的语源并不清楚，大多数学者都认为于此地的棕榈树有关，也有学者认为是塔德莫的讹译。

希腊化-罗马时期

当塞琉古一世于前312年控制叙利亚时，这座城市仍保持独立。城市在公元前1世纪作为过往商队的中转站而繁荣起来。前41年，马克·安东尼带领罗马军队试图占领巴尔米拉，但未能成功，因为巴尔米拉人都逃到幼发拉底河的对岸去了。这说明巴尔米拉当时还是个游牧的定居点，贵重物品可以在很短的时间内被转移。巴尔米拉在提比略统治时期被并入罗马帝国的叙利亚行省。巴尔米拉作为连接波斯、印度、中国和罗马帝国的贸易城市而迅速发展。在129年，哈德良巡幸了该城市，他称赞了巴尔米拉，宣布该城自由，并重命名为巴尔米拉·哈德良那（Palmyra Hadriana）。

剧院

从212年起，巴尔米拉的贸易衰落了，因为萨珊王朝控制了底格里斯河和幼发拉底河的河口。巴尔米拉的王子奥登纳图斯被罗马皇帝瓦莱里安任命为叙利亚行省的长官。在瓦莱里安被萨珊人俘虏后，奥登纳图斯为报复进攻萨珊波斯，两度打败沙普尔一世的军队。当奥登纳图斯被暗杀后，他的妻子芝诺比亚掌权，和她的儿子瓦巴拉图斯（Vabalathus）一起统治巴尔米拉。芝诺比亚成立巴尔米拉王国，与罗马当局对抗，并夺取了西到埃及的广大土地，甚至试图夺取安条克。在272年，罗马皇帝奥雷里安反攻，俘虏了芝诺比亚，并在罗马的凯旋式上让她带着金锁链以炫耀战功。巴尔米拉的叛乱使罗马很愤怒，帝国对巴尔米拉实行高压统治，并成为罗马边防的军事基地。戴克里先在这里增加驻军并修筑更坚固的城墙以抵抗萨珊波斯的威胁。在东罗马帝国时期城市大部分都被遗弃了。

伊斯兰时期

这座城市后来被阿拉伯人攻下。在16世纪，在一座附近的山上建造了法克雷丁·马尼城堡（Fakhredin al Maany）。城堡被一条壕沟围绕，只能从吊桥进入。后来的一场地震毁灭了巴尔米拉。

现代

伊斯兰国于2015年5月21日起占领该遗址并开始进行破坏活动。尽管该组织宣称不会破坏古城的主体建筑，但从BBC所刊发的影片来看，针对寺庙壁画、雕塑及一些神像遭到彻底摧毁。

叙利亚政府于2016年3月27日收复巴尔米拉时，仍保持约80%的完整性，但有些已毁坏，没有毁坏的剧院则沦为伊斯兰国残暴影片的背景。2016年12月11日，伊斯兰国再次攻占巴尔米拉。2017年3月2日叙利亚政府与俄罗斯联军在巴尔米拉攻势后再次收复。^[1]2024年12月7日，当地被叙利亚自由军收复。^[2]^[3]^[4]

遗址

塔状坟墓

现在的废墟大约保存了城市的原貌。主要的道路网保存完好，一条1.2公里长的有列柱的主干道从西向东，到贝尔神庙结束。在街的南面有议会、集市和剧场。建筑大多是科林斯式的，也受到美索不达米亚和波斯的影响。

在城市的东南面有许多塔状和地下墓穴。大多数塔状坟墓可以追溯到罗马时代以前，而地下墓穴为251年建成的。

贸易

巴尔米拉的贸易远到埃及、罗马、印度等地。巴尔米拉的财富主要来源于对商队的课税和当地商站。税收相当可观，商队必须经过这座城市，因为他们必须在穿越沙漠的途中在这里补充水和食物。

宗教

贝尔神庙

巴尔米拉的宗教主要受巴比伦的影响，但也有当地特色。巴尔米拉的主神是贝尔（Bel），可能是混合了巴力（Baal）和马杜克（Marduk）而产生的当地神。贝尔是天空之神，世界的创造者和众神之首。贝尔的旨意被认为可以从星象中反映出来，决定人与国家的命运，或是预示未来。

次于贝尔的神是太阳神亚希波尔（Yarhibol）和月亮神阿格利波尔（Aglibol）。

在2世纪，一种对一位不知名的神灵的崇拜流行了起来，只提到“他的名字是神圣的，慈悲而善良。”这可能和基督教和犹太教有关，也可能受其它宗教影响。

晨曦中的巴尔米拉全景

气候

巴尔米拉
月份	1月	2月	3月	4月	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月	10月	11月	12月	全年
平均高温 °C（°F）	12.1 (53.8)	14.7 (58.5)	19.4 (66.9)	25.2 (77.4)	30.7 (87.3)	35.4 (95.7)	38.1 (100.6)	37.9 (100.2)	34.4 (93.9)	28.3 (82.9)	19.9 (67.8)	13.5 (56.3)	25.8 (78.4)
平均低温 °C（°F）	2.5 (36.5)	3.8 (38.8)	6.9 (44.4)	11.5 (52.7)	15.9 (60.6)	19.8 (67.6)	21.5 (70.7)	21.6 (70.9)	19.1 (66.4)	14.3 (57.7)	7.7 (45.9)	3.5 (38.3)	12.3 (54.2)
平均降水量 mm（吋）	20.8 (0.82)	18.4 (0.72)	21.2 (0.83)	18.3 (0.72)	8.2 (0.32)	0.4 (0.02)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.3 (0.01)	8.8 (0.35)	16.1 (0.63)	20.2 (0.80)	132.7 (5.22)
平均降水天数	7	10	6	4	2	0	0	0	0	3	5	7	44
数据来源：World Meteorological Organization

参考文献

^ Syrian army announces recapture of Palmyra from Islamic State. Reuters. 2017-03-02 [2017-03-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）.
^ US-backed Syrian Free Army takes control of Homs' Palmyra district from regime forces. Anadolu Agency. [2024-12-07].
^ Şafak, Yeni. US-backed Syrian Free Army takes control of Homs' Palmyra district from regime forces | News. Yeni Şafak. [2024-12-07] （美国英语）.
^ US-backed Syrian Free Army advances in Homs, with reports of clashes with regime forces in Palmyra. www.aa.com.tr. [2024-12-07].

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外部链接

Metropolitan Museum of Art – Palmyra （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Palmyra. Italian-Syrian Archaeological Mission of the University of Milan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

参见

[1] Syrian army announces recapture of Palmyra from Islamic State. Reuters. 2017-03-02 [2017-03-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）.

[2] US-backed Syrian Free Army takes control of Homs' Palmyra district from regime forces. Anadolu Agency. [2024-12-07].

[3] Şafak, Yeni. US-backed Syrian Free Army takes control of Homs' Palmyra district from regime forces | News. Yeni Şafak. [2024-12-07] （美国英语）.

[4] US-backed Syrian Free Army advances in Homs, with reports of clashes with regime forces in Palmyra. www.aa.com.tr. [2024-12-07].

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世界遗产
2010年的巴尔米拉
官方名称	Site of Palmyra（英文） Site de Palmyre（法文）
位置	叙利亚（阿拉伯国家）
标准	文化：(i)(ii)(iv)
参考编码	23
登录年份	1980年（第4届会议）
列为濒危	2013年至今
坐标	34°33′9″N 38°15′54″E / 34.55250°N 38.26500°E / 34.55250; 38.26500