小猪笼草
小猪笼草（学名：Nepenthes gracilis）广布于东南亚低地的热带食虫植物。[5]其种加词来源于拉丁文“gracilis”，意为“细长的”。小猪笼草存在于马来西亚、新加坡、印尼苏门答腊及泰国。[6][7][8][9][10]该物种的海拔分布范围也很广，为海拔0至1100米[11]（少数甚至可达1700米[12]），但其大部分都分布于海拔100米以下的地区，极少数植株存在于海拔1000米以上的地区。[12]尽管其分布非常的广泛，但关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种却很少见。
小猪笼草
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| 产自马来西亚登嘉楼州的小猪笼草，示其捕虫笼 | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
| 目： | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
| 科： | 猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae |
| 属： | 猪笼草属 Nepenthes |
| 种： | 小猪笼草 N. gracilis
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| 二名法 | |
| Nepenthes gracilis | |
| 异名 | |
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食虫性
编辑小猪笼草的捕虫笼相对比较普通，唇非常窄小。但其捕虫笼笼盖下表面却存在着参差不齐的蜡质层，该特征可能是猪笼草属内唯一的。该蜡质层与捕虫笼内表面蜡质区的蜡质层厚度不一且结构也完全不同。，该蜡质层在下暴雨时会增加昆虫在笼盖下表面的附着难度，使昆虫容易受雨滴撞击而落入捕虫笼内，从而该蜡质层成为小猪笼草捕获猎物机制的一部分[14]。科学家透过X光分析小猪笼草，发现笼盖与植株间有个特别脆弱的点，该点被雨滴击中时会塌陷，连带使笼盖往下弹，让猎物落入捕虫笼后以特定方式复原。这是其近亲莱佛士猪笼草没有的机制。[15]
分布范围
编辑
小猪笼草分布广泛，存在于婆罗洲、西马来西亚、新加坡、苏拉威西中部、苏门答腊及泰国南部。[6]其也存在于许多小型岛屿中，包括邦加岛、巴图群岛、勿里洞岛[16]望加丽岛、兰塔岛、达鲁岛、纳闽岛[17]、浮罗交怡、孟德尔岛、明打威群岛（西比路岛）、美兰地群岛（巴东岛、朗桑岛、直名丁宜岛）、马萨拉岛、尼亚斯岛、槟榔屿、廖内群岛（林加群岛、纳土纳群岛[18]、廖内岛）、鲁帕岛。[19]
相关物种
编辑2001年，查尔斯·克拉克对来自苏门答腊岛和西马来西亚的猪笼草进行了分支系统学分析，共利用了70个形态特征。以下为猪笼草进化树的“第6分支”。[20]
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种下类群
编辑尽管小猪笼草的可变性较小[20]，但其还是存在着大量的种下类群。但大部分命名都不是有效的。
- Nepenthes gracilis f. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Westphal (1993)
- Nepenthes gracilis var. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
- Nepenthes gracilis var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macf. (1908)[21]
- Nepenthes gracilis var. elongata Bl. (1852)
- Nepenthes gracilis var. longinodis Beck (1895)[4]
- Nepenthes gracilis var. major Hort.Lindsay ex Dixon (1889)
- Nepenthes gracilis var. teysmanniana (Miq.) Beck (1895)[4]
自然杂交种
编辑以下是已发现的关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种。
- N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
- N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa][22]
- (N. ampullaria × N. gracilis) × N. bicalcarata [=N. × trichocarpa × N. bicalcarata]
- N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis [=N. × cantleyi][22]
- ? N. eustachya × N. gracilis[6]
- N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][6][22][23]
- N. gracilis × N. northiana [=N. × bauensis][24]
- N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana[22][22][25][26]
- N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana[20]
- N. gracilis × N. sumatrana[6]
参考文献
编辑- ^ Clarke, C.M. Nepenthes gracilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018, 2018: e.T39663A143960417 [2022-08-01]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39663A143960417.en
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- ^ Masters, M.T. 1881. New garden plants. Nepenthes angustifolia (Mast.), sp. nov. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(408): 524.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 （德文） Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229. 引用错误：带有name属性“Beck”的
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