外群体同质性

外群体同质性是指外群体成员比内群体成员更类似的感觉，例如“他们都很像，而我们很多元”。^[1]感知者倾向于根据成员的核心趋势或典型属性来形成对群体成员多样性或变化程度的印象。因此，外群体的刻板印象判断被高估，造成刻板印象被过度概括。^[2]术语“外群体同质性效应”、“外群体同质性偏差”或“相对外群体同质性”通常与“外群体同质性”不同，应该予以区别，^[3]后者指的是客观上的外群体低变异性，与内群体的观点无关。

外群体同质性效应有时称为“外群体同质性偏差”。该叫法暗示社会心理学领域中存在更广泛的元理论争议。争论的焦点是对内群体和外群体同质性的强化认知的有效性，其中一些研究人员将同质效应视为认知偏误的例子，而另一些研究人员则将这种效应视为正常且通常是适应性社会认知的例子。^[3]

外群体同质性效应是检验感知的群体变异性的更大研究领域的一部分。^[4]该领域包括群体内同质性效应以及群体外同质性效应，还涉及与群体内/外成员资格无关的感知群体变异性效应，例如与权力、群体的状态和规模相关的效应。研究者在政治、种族、年龄和性别等等各种不同的社会群体中都发现了外群体同质效应，^[5]并注意到这种效应对刻板印象的影响。^[6]

经验证据

一项研究提供了该现象的一个案例：研究人员要求90名女生联谊会成员判断她们自己和另2个群体的内部相似度。结果发现，每个参与者都认为自己的联谊会成员比其他团体的成员更加不同。^[7]

基于种族的调查

一项实验中，研究人员发现其他种族的不同个人确实看起来比本种族的成员更相似。在给白人学生看了一些白人和黑人的面孔后，他们能更准确地辨识出看过的白人面孔，却经常错认之前并未看过的黑人面孔。而当受试者由黑人组成时，则出现了相反的结果。^[8]

参见

参考文献

^ Quattrone, George A.; Jones, Edward E. The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1980, 38 (1): 141–152. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.141.
^ Judd, Charles M.; Ryan, Carey S.; Park, Bernadette. Accuracy in the judgment of in-group and out-group variability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991, 61 (3): 366–379. PMID 1941509. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.366.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Haslam, Alex; Oakes, Penny; Turner, John; McGarty, Craig. Sorrentino, Richard; Higgins, Edward , 编. Social identity, self-categorization, and the perceived homogeneity of ingroups and outgroups: The interaction between social motivation and cognition 3. New York: Guilford Press. 1996: 182–222. ISBN 9781572300521.
^ Rubin, M.; Badea, C. They're all the same!...but for several different reasons: A review of the multicausal nature of perceived group variability. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2012, 21 (6): 367–372. S2CID 51228603. doi:10.1177/0963721412457363. hdl:1959.13/941025  .
^ Rubin, M., Hewstone, M., Crisp, R. J., Voci, A., & Richards, Z. (2004). Gender out-group homogeneity: The roles of differential familiarity, gender differences, and group size. In V. Yzerbyt, C. M. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism (pp. 203-220). New York: Psychology Press. （[//web.archive.org/web/20230624150418/https://books.google.com/books?id=IA9Qg-fDga8C&dq=rubin+gender+out-group+homogeneity&pg=PA153 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [View]]
^ Rubin, Mark; Badea, Constantina. Why Do People Perceive Ingroup Homogeneity on Ingroup Traits and Outgroup Homogeneity on Outgroup Traits?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007, 33 (1): 31–42. PMID 17178928. S2CID 25114612. doi:10.1177/0146167206293190.
^ Park, Bernadette; Rothbart, Myron. Perception of out-group homogeneity and level of social categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1982, 42 (6): 1051–1068. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.6.1051.
^ Chance, June; Goldstein, Alvin. Depth of processing in response to own and other race faces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981, 7 (3): 475–480. S2CID 144578161. doi:10.1177/014616728173017.

延伸阅读

Mullen, Brian; Hu, Li-Tze. Perceptions of Ingroup and Outgroup Variability: A Meta-Analytic Integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 1989, 10 (3): 233–252. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1003_3.
Quattrone, G. A. Worchel, S.; Austin, W. G. , 编. Psychology of intergroup relations 2nd. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. 1986. ISBN 0-8304-1075-9.

外部链接

Mendeley 收集（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）了 70 多篇研究论文，涉及感知到的群体变异性、内群体同质性和外群体同质性

[Quattrone_&_Jones_(1980)-1] Quattrone, George A.; Jones, Edward E. The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1980, 38 (1): 141–152. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.141.

[2] Judd, Charles M.; Ryan, Carey S.; Park, Bernadette. Accuracy in the judgment of in-group and out-group variability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991, 61 (3): 366–379. PMID 1941509. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.366.

[Haslam_et_al._(1996).-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Haslam, Alex; Oakes, Penny; Turner, John; McGarty, Craig. Sorrentino, Richard; Higgins, Edward , 编. Social identity, self-categorization, and the perceived homogeneity of ingroups and outgroups: The interaction between social motivation and cognition 3. New York: Guilford Press. 1996: 182–222. ISBN 9781572300521.

[4] Rubin, M.; Badea, C. They're all the same!...but for several different reasons: A review of the multicausal nature of perceived group variability. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2012, 21 (6): 367–372. S2CID 51228603. doi:10.1177/0963721412457363. hdl:1959.13/941025  .

[Rubin2004-5] Rubin, M., Hewstone, M., Crisp, R. J., Voci, A., & Richards, Z. (2004). Gender out-group homogeneity: The roles of differential familiarity, gender differences, and group size. In V. Yzerbyt, C. M. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism (pp. 203-220). New York: Psychology Press. （[//web.archive.org/web/20230624150418/https://books.google.com/books?id=IA9Qg-fDga8C&dq=rubin+gender+out-group+homogeneity&pg=PA153 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [View]]

[Rubin_&_Badea_(2007)-6] Rubin, Mark; Badea, Constantina. Why Do People Perceive Ingroup Homogeneity on Ingroup Traits and Outgroup Homogeneity on Outgroup Traits?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007, 33 (1): 31–42. PMID 17178928. S2CID 25114612. doi:10.1177/0146167206293190.

[Park_&_Rothbart_(1982).-7] Park, Bernadette; Rothbart, Myron. Perception of out-group homogeneity and level of social categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1982, 42 (6): 1051–1068. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.6.1051.

[Chance_&_Goldstein_(1981).-8] Chance, June; Goldstein, Alvin. Depth of processing in response to own and other race faces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981, 7 (3): 475–480. S2CID 144578161. doi:10.1177/014616728173017.

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