第三方懲罰

第三方懲罰或利他懲罰是指對違規者的懲罰不是由違規行為的受害方實施，而是由未直接受違規行為影響的第三方實施^[1]。第三方懲罰行為在人類社會中是一種提升公平, 保障社會組織運作的有效方式^[1]。不僅能保障社會穩定, 提升組織的影響力及地位, 還可以敦促成員遵守規則, 提高個人聲譽和未來合作的可能性^[2]^[3]。它既可以是國家層面的正義之舉，也可以是個人懲惡扶弱的行為^[2]。

第三方懲罰的動機有兩種：一是懲惡動機, 表現為第三方個體懲罰違規者, 以增加違規者之後遵守規則的可能性；二是扶弱動機, 表現為第三方個體通過利他性的行為幫助弱者^[2]^[4]。扶弱者可能被認為擁有更優秀的道德品質, 且更容易被信賴^[3]。

參見

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Fehr, Ernst; Fischbacher, Urs. Third-party punishment and social norms. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2004-03, 25 (2): 63–87. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(04)00005-4.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Ma, Rui; Wu, Nan; Tian, Moqian; Wu, Zhen. Punishing perpetrators or compensating victims: The third-party punishment motivation of children aged 7–10. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2023-03-01. doi:10.1360/TB-2022-1129.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Jordan, JJ; Hoffman, M; Bloom, P; Rand, DG. Third-party punishment as a costly signal of trustworthiness.. Nature. 2016-02-25, 530 (7591): 473–6. PMID 26911783. doi:10.1038/nature16981.
^ Krasnow, MM; Delton, AW; Cosmides, L; Tooby, J. Looking Under the Hood of Third-Party Punishment Reveals Design for Personal Benefit.. Psychological science. 2016-03, 27 (3): 405–18. PMID 26851057. doi:10.1177/0956797615624469.

[Fehr2004-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Fehr, Ernst; Fischbacher, Urs. Third-party punishment and social norms. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2004-03, 25 (2): 63–87. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(04)00005-4.

[TB-2022-1129-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Ma, Rui; Wu, Nan; Tian, Moqian; Wu, Zhen. Punishing perpetrators or compensating victims: The third-party punishment motivation of children aged 7–10. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2023-03-01. doi:10.1360/TB-2022-1129.

[nature16981-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Jordan, JJ; Hoffman, M; Bloom, P; Rand, DG. Third-party punishment as a costly signal of trustworthiness.. Nature. 2016-02-25, 530 (7591): 473–6. PMID 26911783. doi:10.1038/nature16981.

[4] Krasnow, MM; Delton, AW; Cosmides, L; Tooby, J. Looking Under the Hood of Third-Party Punishment Reveals Design for Personal Benefit.. Psychological science. 2016-03, 27 (3): 405–18. PMID 26851057. doi:10.1177/0956797615624469.

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