開央不圓唇元音
開央不圓唇元音或低央不圓唇元音是元音的一種，用於一些口語當中。國際音標沒有特定的字母表示介於前音[a]和後音[ɑ]之間的元音，通常以⟨a⟩表示。若要加以嚴格區分，則使用附加符號標明，諸如央元音化的⟨ä⟩或音位偏後的⟨a̠⟩，但並不通用。
| 開央不圓唇元音 | |
|---|---|
| ä | |
| a̠ | |
| ɑ̈ | |
| ɐ̞ | |
| IPA編號 | 304 415 |
| 編碼 | |
| HTML碼（十進制） | ä |
| Unicode碼（十六進制） | U+0061 U+0308 |
| X-SAMPA音標 | a_"、a_-、A_"或6_o |
| 音頻範例 | |
直至最近，字母⟨a⟩仍在非官方場合下用於央元音，並被大量用於現有語音學上的標示。因此常使用[a]表示央元音，並近似開前元音，若有必要，則使用[æ]，非正式情況下當作次開元音。此外，漢語言學界會用非官方符號⟨ᴀ⟩（小型大寫字母A）。國際語音學協會2011–2012年投票否決了這個非官方的音標符號。[1]
特徵
編輯- 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音，嘴唇自然放鬆，不特別向前突起。
註釋
編輯- ^ Keating (2012:245頁)
參考資料
編輯- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne, Australian English, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dankovičová, Jana, Czech, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 70–74, 1999
- Engstrand, Olle, Swedish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 140–142, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L, French, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1993, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gussenhoven, Carlos, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Hillenbrand, James M., American English: Southern Michigan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
- Ikekeonwu, Clara, Igbo, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: 108–110, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Keating, Patricia A., IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2012, 42 (2): 245 [2014-04-06], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000114, （原始內容存檔於2012-11-11）,
with only 15 of 30 members voting [by email], the vote was 8 in favor, 7 against. [...] With all 30 members of the Council voting [again six months later], the resolution was defeated: 17 no, 12 yes, 1 abstention. The IPA will therefore not be adding a symbol for this vowel to the alphabet or chart.
- Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles, The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, 2006, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo, Croatian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 66–69, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lass, Roger, South African English, Mesthrie, Rajend (編), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780521791052
- Laufer, Asher, Hebrew, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: 96–99, 1999
- Lodge, Ken, A Critical Introduction to Phonetics: 167–169, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mangold, Max, Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden: 37, 2005, ISBN 9783411040667
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Okada, Hideo, Japanese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1991, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Szende, Tamás, Hungarian, Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 1994, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
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- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
延伸閱讀
編輯- Barry, William; Trouvain, Jürgen, Do we need a symbol for a central open vowel?, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (3): 349–357