赫丘利

赫丘利
Hercules
赫丘利; Hercules
	赫丘利與涅墨亞獅子; 彼得·保羅·魯本斯作品
性別	男
配偶	朱文塔斯
父母	朱庇特和阿爾克墨涅
對應希臘神話的	赫拉克勒斯

在古羅馬宗教和羅馬神話中，赫丘利是一位英雄的神化，並納入羅馬的建國神話裏面，之後羅馬人將希臘神話中的海克力斯形象融入赫丘利，改編成自己的文學和藝術，但英雄相對具有羅馬文化的特性。早在公元前6世紀和5世紀，一些希臘的資料源頭表示一些海克利斯的故事如海克利斯的十二項功績（英語：Labours of Hercules）和羅馬是有所關聯的。^[1]

哈利卡納蘇斯的戴歐尼修斯將赫丘利歸為羅馬榮譽的神之中：「他的靈魂死後必然離開身體，他已經升天並已獲得等價的榮譽之神。」^[2]他的神化概念是由於其英雄形象而做為一個神化羅馬國王的象徵。^[3]

故事

暴君皇帝康茂德將赫丘利作為自身的護衛，時常穿者赫丘利形象的衣服。在公元184年康茂德將一年的月份全部依自己的名子重新命名，其中包括「赫丘利月」此用分可能是古羅馬的九月（英語：September_(Roman_month)）或十月（英語：September (Roman month)）^[4]這個新制度在192年的康茂德謀殺案之後也一同廢除了。^[5]

羅馬石棺（公元3世紀）描繪赫丘利的十二項功績：獵取涅墨亞獅子、殺死勒耳那的水蛇、捉拿刻律涅亞山的赤牝鹿、捉拿厄律曼托斯山的野豬、清理奧革阿斯的牛圈、殺死斯廷法利斯湖怪鳥、捕捉克里特公牛、制服狄俄墨得斯牝馬、奪取希波呂忒的腰帶、牽走革律翁的牛群、摘取赫斯佩里得斯的金蘋果、活捉刻耳柏洛斯

註釋

參考資料

^ T.P. Wiseman（英語：T.P. Wiseman）, Remus: A Roman Myth (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 39, 41.
^ 哈利卡納蘇斯的戴歐尼修斯 7.72.13-14, In describing the images of deities displayed in the ceremonial procession at Rome known as the pompa circensis（英語：pompa circensis）, as cited by Jörg Rüpke（英語：Jörg Rüpke）, Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and Ritual Change (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, p. 41.
^ Peter Herz, "Emperors: Caring for the Empire and Their Successors," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 315.
^ 卡西烏斯·狄奧 72.15.3 has Herculeus as October: M.P. Speidel, "Commodus the God-Emperor and the Army," Journal of Roman Studies 83 (1993), p. 112; Robert Hannah, "The Emperor's Stars: The Conservatori Portrait of Commodus," American Journal of Archaeology 90.3 (1986), pp. 341–342. The 羅馬帝王紀 is internally inconsistent, at one point identifying September as the month of Hercules, and at another October: Scriptores Historiae Augustae VII, as cited by A.W. van Buren, "Graffiti at Ostia," Classical Review 37 (1923), p. 163 (Commodus 11.8 in the citation of Hannah, "The Emperor's Stars", p. 341, note 23, and Historia Augusta, "Commodus" 11.13).
^ John R. Clarke, "The Decor of the House of Jupiter and Ganymede at Ostia Antica," in Roman Art in the Private Sphere: New Perspectives on the Architecture and Decor of the Domus, Villa, and Insula (University of Michigan Press, 1991, 1994), p. 92; John R. Clarke, The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.–A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration (University of California Press, 1991), p. 322.

資料來源

Charlotte Coffin. "Hercules" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） in Peyré, Yves (ed.) A Dictionary of Shakespeare's Classical Mythology (2009)
Bertematti, Richard (2014). "The Heracliad: The Epic Saga of Hercules" (Tridium Press). ISBN 0990302717

外部連結

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：赫丘利
維基文庫中的相關文獻：
- Hercules. The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907 （英語）.
- Beach, Chandler B. (編). Hercules. The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co. 1914 （英語）.
- "Hercules and the Wagoner," byAesop
- "Hercules," from Heroes Every Child Should Know by Hamilton Wright Mabie（英語：Hamilton Wright Mabie）
Hercules discovery in Israel
Etruscan mirror illustrated Uni and Hercle
Hercle and Menerva on an Etruscan mirror from Città di Castello, c 300 B.C.: Badisches
The Apples of the Hesperides
Images of Hercules
Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (c. 2,500 images of Hercules)

[1] T.P. Wiseman（英語：T.P. Wiseman）, Remus: A Roman Myth (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 39, 41.

[2] 哈利卡納蘇斯的戴歐尼修斯 7.72.13-14, In describing the images of deities displayed in the ceremonial procession at Rome known as the pompa circensis（英語：pompa circensis）, as cited by Jörg Rüpke（英語：Jörg Rüpke）, Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and Ritual Change (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, p. 41.

[3] Peter Herz, "Emperors: Caring for the Empire and Their Successors," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 315.

[4] 卡西烏斯·狄奧 72.15.3 has Herculeus as October: M.P. Speidel, "Commodus the God-Emperor and the Army," Journal of Roman Studies 83 (1993), p. 112; Robert Hannah, "The Emperor's Stars: The Conservatori Portrait of Commodus," American Journal of Archaeology 90.3 (1986), pp. 341–342. The 羅馬帝王紀 is internally inconsistent, at one point identifying September as the month of Hercules, and at another October: Scriptores Historiae Augustae VII, as cited by A.W. van Buren, "Graffiti at Ostia," Classical Review 37 (1923), p. 163 (Commodus 11.8 in the citation of Hannah, "The Emperor's Stars", p. 341, note 23, and Historia Augusta, "Commodus" 11.13).

[5] John R. Clarke, "The Decor of the House of Jupiter and Ganymede at Ostia Antica," in Roman Art in the Private Sphere: New Perspectives on the Architecture and Decor of the Domus, Villa, and Insula (University of Michigan Press, 1991, 1994), p. 92; John R. Clarke, The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.–A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration (University of California Press, 1991), p. 322.

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赫丘利 Hercules
赫丘利與涅墨亞獅子彼得·保羅·魯本斯作品
性別	男
配偶	朱文塔斯
父母	朱庇特和阿爾克墨涅
對應希臘神話的	赫拉克勒斯