密克羅尼西亞翠鳥
密克羅尼西亞翠鳥(學名Todiramphus cinnamominus)是關島、波納佩及帕勞的一種翠鳥。其下的亞種關島密克羅尼西亞翠鳥因棕樹蛇的入侵而在野外滅絕,只可以飼養繁殖。
密克羅尼西亞翠鳥 | |
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科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 鳥綱 Aves |
目: | 佛法僧目 Coraciiformes |
科: | 翠鳥科 Alcedinidae |
屬: | 領翡翠屬 Todiramphus |
種: | 密克羅尼西亞翠鳥 T. cinnamominus
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二名法 | |
Todiramphus cinnamominus (Swainson, 1821)
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分類及特徵
編輯密克羅尼西亞翠鳥有三個亞種,每一個限於單一島嶼上:
- 關島密克羅尼西亞翠鳥(T. c. cinnamominus):指名亞種。
- 波納佩密克羅尼西亞翠鳥(T. c. reichenbachii)
- 帕勞密克羅尼西亞翠鳥(T. c. pelewensis)
已滅絕的琉球翠鳥有時也會被分類成密克羅尼西亞翠鳥的亞種。[2]
這些亞種的分別主要在其主羽及體型大小上,帕勞的最為細小,而關島的則最大。[3]牠們的色彩鮮艷,長約20-24厘米,體型中等。牠們的背部呈虹藍色,頭部呈銹肉桂色。波納佩及帕勞的成鳥下身呈白色,幼鳥的下身卻是肉桂色。相反,關島的雄性成鳥下身卻是肉桂色,而雌鳥及幼鳥的下身是白色。所有亞種的喙都是側面扁平的,腳深色。
行為
編輯密克羅尼西亞翠鳥是生活在森林之中,傾向不怎麼露面。在波納佩,牠們會沿森林邊緣在電話線上覓食;在帕勞的則很不明顯。牠們只吃甲殼類。在關島,牠們的巢是在軟木樹中挖穴而成或進佔白蟻的[4];在波納佩,牠們的巢則是進佔白蟻的。[5]牠們會保護自己的地盤。[6]雙親都會照顧雛鳥,一些波納佩的雛鳥會留在雙親身邊較長時間。[7]
保育狀況
編輯兩個密克羅尼西亞翠鳥的亞種都面臨生存威脅。關島的被入侵的棕樹蛇所滅絕[8],現時已被美國列為瀕危物種。[9]牠們只有飼養的群落,為數少於100隻。現已有計劃將牠們重新引入到關島的保護區及森林中。[10]在波納佩的亞種於1983年至1994年間就下降了63%。[11]波納佩鳥類的下降原因不明。
參考
編輯- ^ BirdLife International. Todiramphus cinnamominus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].
- ^ Fry, C.H., K. Fry, A. Harris. Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1992.
- ^ Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1987.
- ^ Marshall, S.D. Nest sites of the Micronesian Kingfisher on Guam. Wilson Bulletin. 1989, 101: 472–7.
- ^ Kesler, D.C., and S.M. Haig. Selection of arboreal termitaria for nesting by cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers. Ibis. 2005, 147: 188–96.
- ^ Kesler, D.C. Population demography, resource use, and movement in cooperatively breeding Micronesian Kingfishers. Corvallis, OR: Doctoral dissertation. Oregon State University. 2006.
- ^ Kesler, D.C. Nest site selection in cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina reichenbachii): Does nest-site abundance limit reproductive opportunities?. Corvallis, OR: M.S. thesis. Oregon State University. 2002.
- ^ Savidge, J. A. Extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake. Ecology. 1987, 68: 660–8.
- ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: determination of endangered status for seven birds and two bats on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Federal Register 50 CFR Part 17 49(167), 33881-33885.
- ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina).
- ^ Buden, D.W. A comparison of 1983 and 1994 bird surveys of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Wilson Bulletin. 2000, 112: 403–10.
- Haig, S.M., and J.D. Ballou. 1995. Genetic diversity among two avian species formerly endemic to Guam. Auk 112: 445-455.
- Haig, S.M., J.D. Ballou, and N.J. Casna. 1995. Genetic identification of kin in Micronesian Kingfishers. Journal of Heredity 86: 423-431.
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR.