使用者:Vikarna/沙盒/2
描述
編輯這段短短的邊界線由一條連接尼日爾和喀麥隆的三邊邊界簡單直線構成[2]，整段邊界線原本都處於乍得湖里，然而隨着過去幾十年間湖泊的萎縮，現在的邊界橫跨的地區大多變成了陸地、沼澤和湖裡間歇露出水面的島嶼。
歷史
編輯這條邊界最早產生於19世紀末期瓜分非洲期間，這一時期，歐洲列強為獲取非洲的土地及在非洲的影響力，進行了激烈的競爭[3]。這一進程在1884年柏林西非會議中達到了高潮，相關的歐洲國家就各自的領土主張和未來的交戰規則達成了一致。作為這一會議的結果，法國獲得了尼日爾河上遊河谷（大致等同於如今的馬里及尼日爾地區）以及皮埃爾·薩沃尼昂·德·布拉柴在中非為法國探索到的土地的控制權（大約等同於今日的加蓬和剛果（布））[3]。與此同時，英國自1861年起通過皇家尼日爾公司管轄了拉各斯周邊的土地 since 1861 and the Oil River Protectorate (Calabar are the surrounding area) since 1884, would have priority in the areas south of the upper Niger region. From their respective bases both nations gradually extended their rule into the interior. The French eventually linked their holdings following expeditions in April 1900 which met at Kousséri in the far north of modern Cameroon.[3] These newly conquered regions were initially ruled as military territories, with the two areas later organised into the federal colonies of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, abbreviated AOF) and French Equatorial Africa (Afrique équatoriale française, AEF). The British likewise extended their rule inward from their Lagos and Calabar bases, forming two additional colonies - the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. In 1900 rule of these areas was transferred to the British government, with the Northern and Southern (including Lagos and Calabar) protectorates united as the colony of Nigeria in 1914.[3] The modern Chad–Nigeria border arose largely as a secondary result of other border negotiations in the region: Anglo-German agreement s in 1893 and 1906-07 agreed that the border between Britain's Nigerian colonies and German Cameroon would extend into Lake Chad; Anglo-French agreements in 1898, 1904, 1906 and 1910 extended the AOF-Northern Nigeria border into the lake; and a Franco-German border treaty of 1908 extended the AEF-Cameroon border into the lake.[2][3] After the two tripoints were delimited more definitely (Chad-Niger-Nigeria in 1910-12 and Chad-Cameroon-Nigeria in 1931) the border became fixed as a straight line connecting these two points.[3][2]
France gradually granted more political rights and representation for the constituent territories of their two African federations, culminating in the granting of broad internal autonomy to each colony in 1958 within the framework of the French Community.[4] Eventually, Chad gained full independence in August 1960, with Nigeria likewise declaring independence in October 1960, and thus their mutual frontier became an international one between two independent states. At a conference of the Lake Chad Basin states held in N'Djamena in December 1962 it was agreed to respect the existing boundaries within the lake.[2] Since then the lake has decreased dramatically in size, and much if not all of the Chad–Nigeria border now runs over land, creating problems with border management and demarcation.[5][6] In 1983 disputes between Chad and Nigeria over their mutual border escalated into fighting, after Nigeria sent troops to the area citing harassment of Nigerian fishers by Chadian elements, resulting in the deaths of 75 Chadian and nine Nigerian soldiers.[7][8] In more recent years many thousands of refugees have crossed the border due to the ongoing Boko Haram insurgency in north-eastern Nigeria.[9][10]
See also
編輯References
編輯- ^ CIA World Factbook - Chad, 2019-10-05
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Brownlie, Ian. African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co. 1979: 613–16.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 International Boundary Study No. 90 – Chad Nigeria Boundary (PDF), 1969-10-01 [2019-10-07]
- ^ Haine, Scott. The History of France
1st. Greenwood Press. 2000: 183. ISBN 0-313-30328-2.
- ^ Damilola Oyedele. The dwindling lake. D+C, development and cooperation. 2017-05-11 [2017-06-14].
- ^ Border issues around Lake Chad cause concern. The New Humanitarian. 2002-12-13 [2019-10-11].
- ^ Mario J. Azevedo; Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Chad. Rowman & Littlefield. 2018: 380. ISBN 978-1-5381-1437-7.
- ^ Michael Brecher; Jonathan Wilkenfeld. A Study of Crisis. Rowman & Littlefield. 1997: 466. ISBN 978-1-5381-1437-7.
- ^ Thousands of Nigerian refugees seek safety in Chad. UNHCR. 2019-01-22 [2019-10-11].
- ^ IOM Assessment Team Finds Unaccompanied Child Returnees on Chad-Nigeria Border. IOM. 2012-02-29 [2019-10-11].
Template:Borders of Chad Template:Borders of Nigeria Category:International borders