鯡魚
鯡魚是大部分鯡科魚的通稱。牠們多在暗沙或岸邊聯群游弋。其中,最常見,而且具高商業價值的鯡魚有3種,皆屬於鯡屬,其捕獲量佔了鯡魚總捕獲量約90%。其中,三種鯡屬魚中捕獲量最多的為大西洋鯡,佔比過半。這三種魚一般在北太平洋、北大西洋、波羅的海和南美洲西岸的淺水溫帶區出沒。此外,也有一些被稱作鯡魚的魚類在阿拉伯海、印度洋和孟加拉灣一帶出沒。
歷史上,鯡魚在歐洲漁業扮演了舉足輕重的角色,[2]對此魚的研究在二十世紀早期為漁業學提供了長足進步的基礎。[3]此外,牠們曾長年為重要的食用魚,常以燻、醃處理保存。
種類
編輯不少物種皆被歸類為鯡魚,其中大部份皆屬於鯡科。鯡魚的英文名稱herring的詞源並不明確,可能源於古高地德語的heri,有衆多、大群體之意。[4]
鯡科的模式屬為鯡屬。[5]鯡屬共有三種,包括在北太平洋出沒的模式種大西洋鯡、在北太平洋出沒的太平洋鯡以及智利沿岸出沒的貝氏智利鯡。
鯡屬鯡魚 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
俗名 | 學名 | 最長記錄 | 一般長度 | 最重可達 | 最高壽命 | 營養級 | 世界魚類數據庫 | 聯合國糧食及農業組織 | 整合分類學資訊系統 | 保護級別 |
貝氏智利鯡 | Clupea bentincki Norman, 1936 | 28.4 cm | cm | kg | years | 2.69 | [6] | [7] | [8] | 未予評估 |
大西洋鯡 | Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 | 45.0 cm | 30.0 cm | 1.05 kg | 22 years | 3.23 | [9] | [10] | [11] | 無危[12] |
太平洋鯡 | Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847 | 46.0 cm | 25.0 cm | 19 years | 3.15 | [9] | [13] | [14] | 未予評估 |
除此之外,也有不少魚類被國際自然保護聯盟視爲鯡魚,收錄於世界魚類數據庫,現表列如下:
其餘鯡魚 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
種類 | 俗名 | 學名 | 最長記錄 | 一般長度 | 最重可達 | 最高壽命 | 營養級 | 世界魚類數據庫 | 聯合國糧食及農業組織 | 整合分類學資訊系統 | 保護級別 |
淡水鯡 | 窄體似鯡 | Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) | cm | cm | kg | years | [15] | [16] | 數據缺乏[17] | ||
圓腹鯡科 | 印尼少棱圓鯡 | Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) | cm | cm | kg | years | [18] | [19] | Least concern[20] | ||
寬帶任氏鯡 | Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) | cm | cm | kg | years | [21] | [22] | Least concern[23] | |||
南非吉氏鯡 | Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 | cm | cm | kg | years | [24] | [25] | Least concern[26] | |||
小眼任氏鯡 | Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 | cm | cm | kg | years | [27] | [28] | Least concern[29] | |||
沙丁脂眼鯡 | Etrumeus teres (De Kay, 1842) | 33 cm | 25 cm | kg | years | [30] | [31] | [32] | 未予評估 | ||
雙鰭似黍鯡 | Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) | 4.5 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.11 | [33] | [34] | Data deficient[35] | ||
懷氏脂眼鯡 | Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) | 20 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.4 | [36] | [37] | [38] | Least concern[39] | |
短帶任氏鯡 | Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978
|
cm | cm | kg | years | [40] | [41] | Vulnerable[42] | |||
後絲鯡屬 | 加拉帕戈斯後絲鯡 | Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) | 26 cm | 18 cm | kg | years | 3.27 | [43] | [44] | 易危[45] | |
少耙後絲鯡 | Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 | cm | cm | kg | years | [46] | [47] | 無危[48] | |||
太平洋後絲鯡 | Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) | 30 cm | 22 cm | kg | years | [49] | [50] | [44] | 無危[51] | ||
蒲氏後絲鯡 | Opisthonema bulleri (Regan, 1904) | cm | cm | kg | years | [52] | [53] | 無危[54] | |||
其他 | 黑帶側帶鯡 | Lile nigrofasciata Castro-Aguirre Ruiz-Campos and Balart, 2002 | cm | cm | kg | years | [55] | [56] | 無危[57] | ||
齒頭鯡 | Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 | cm | cm | kg | years | [58] | [59] | Vulnerable[60] | |||
勃氏犬齒鰳 | Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) | cm | cm | kg | years | [61] | [62] | Least concern[63] | |||
細側帶鯡 | Lile gracilis Castro-Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 | cm | cm | kg | years | [64] | [65] | Least concern[66] | |||
太平洋青鱗魚 | Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) | cm | cm | kg | years | [67] | [68] | Least concern[69] | |||
小細鯡 | Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 | cm | cm | kg | years | [70] | [71] | Least concern[72] | |||
日本銀帶鯡 | Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) | 10.5 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.0 | [73] | [74] | Not assessed | ||
太平洋側帶鯡 | Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) | cm | cm | kg | years | [75] | [76] | Least concern[77] | |||
西拉棱鯡 | Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 | cm | cm | kg | years | [78] | [79] | Least concern[80] |
參考
編輯- ^ Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ Cushing, David H (1975) Marine ecology and fisheries (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09911-0.
- ^ Went, AEJ (1972) "The History of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology, 73: 351–360.doi:10.1017/S0080455X0000240X
- ^ Herring (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Online Etymology Dictionary, Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ Pauly, Daniel (2004) Darwin's Fishes: An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology, Ecology, and Evolution (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Page 109, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82777-5.
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupea bentincki. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Clupea bentincki (Norman, 1936) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Clupea bentincki. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupea harengus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Clupea harengus (Linnaeus, 1758) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Clupea harengus. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Herdson D & Priede I. Clupea harengus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [6 April 2012].
- ^ Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes, 1847) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Clupea pallasii. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupeoides papuensis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Clupeoides papuensis. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Clupeoides papuensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Dayella malabarica. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Dayella malabarica. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Ali A & Raghavan R. Dayella malabarica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia lamprotaenia. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Jenkinsia lamprotaenia. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Jenkinsia lamprotaenia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Gilchristella aestuaria. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Gilchristella aestuaria. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Gilchristella aestuaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia majua. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Jenkinsia majua. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Munroe TA & Priede IG. Jenkinsia majua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Etrumeus teres. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Etrumeus teres (Norman, 1936) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Etrumeus teres. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Spratellomorpha bianalis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Spratellomorpha bianalis. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Spratellomorpha bianalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Etrumeus whiteheadi. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Etrumeus whiteheadi. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Heemstra PC, Munroe TA & Priede IG. Etrumeus whiteheadi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia parvula. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Jenkinsia parvula. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Jenkinsia parvula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema berlangai. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ 44.0 44.1 Opisthonema libertate. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Opisthonema berlangai. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema medirastre. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Opisthonema medirastre. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema medirastre. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema libertate. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema libertate. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema bulleri. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Opisthonema bulleri. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema bulleri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile nigrofasciata. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Lile nigrofasciata. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Lile nigrofasciata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Denticeps clupeoides. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Denticeps clupeoides. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Lalèyè P, Moelants T & Olaosebikan BD. Denticeps clupeoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile gracilis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Lile gracilis. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. Lile gracilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Harengula thrissina. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Harengula thrissina. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. Harengula thrissina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Thrattidion noctivagus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Thrattidion noctivagus. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Thrattidion noctivagus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Spratelloides gracilis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Spratelloides gracilis. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile stolifera. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Lile stolifera. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Lile stolifera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Sierrathrissa leonensis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Sierrathrissa leonensis. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Moelants T & Olaosebikan BD. Sierrathrissa leonensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
外部連結
編輯- Herring "communicate" by flatulence (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) from National Geographic (2003)
- Atlantic Herring (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) from the Gulf of Maine Research Institute
- Nutrition Facts for Herring (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Prospecting herring waste – from ScienceNordic (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- PNAS Population-scale sequencing reveals genetic differentiation due to local adaptation in Atlantic herring. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)