華氏451度
《華氏451度》(英語:Fahrenheit 451),美國作家雷·布萊伯利所著的反烏托邦小說,於1953年出版。
華氏451度 | |
---|---|
原名 | Fahrenheit 451 |
作者 | 雷·布萊伯利 |
譯者 | 高英哲 |
類型 | 反烏托邦小說[1] |
語言 | 英語 |
發行資訊 | |
插圖 | 約瑟夫·穆尼亞尼(Joseph Mugnaini)[2] |
出版機構 | 巴蘭坦圖書(Ballantine Books) |
出版時間 | 1953 |
出版地點 | 美國 |
頁數 | 199頁 |
所獲獎項 | Retro Hugo Award for Best Novel[*]、全國公共廣播電台百佳科幻奇幻小說[*]、Prometheus Award - Hall of Fame[*] |
規範控制 | |
ISBN | ISBN 978-0-7432-4722-1(硬裝本) ISBN 978-986-89342-2-1(電子書) |
故事敘述了一個壓制自由的近未來世界,禁止人們閱讀及擁有書籍,所謂的消防員的工作不是滅火,而是焚書。文中的主人公,蓋·蒙塔格,就是一名負責焚書的消防員。華氏451度(攝氏233度)是雷·布萊伯利給出的紙張的燃點。實際上不同的紙燃點不同,一般在440—470 °F(227—243 °C)之間。
《華氏451度》改寫自1951年發表的中篇《消防員》(The Firemen),發表於2月的《星際科幻》(Galaxy Science Fiction)雜誌。由楚浮(François Truffaut)執導的同名電影於1966年上映。另一部同名電影於2018年坎城影展舉辦首映,是1966年版本的更新版,由邁克爾.B.喬丹與邁克爾.珊農主演。除此之外,BBC Radio 4也以這部小說製作了兩部忠於原著的廣播劇。
一直以來,人們對這本書的理解各有不同,但主要認為該書聚焦歷史中焚書坑儒在壓制思想上的作用。儘管如此,原作者雷·布萊伯利強調,這部小說並非討論審查制度,而是關注電視對人們閱讀習慣的威脅。[3]本書也對於人與書的關係,科技與娛樂對人們生活造成的變化、政府與媒體如何聯手增強社會控制等各方面有著深刻的描寫。
小說獲獎無數。1954年,小說獲得美國藝術暨文學學會的文學獎和加州共和俱樂部金獎。[4][5][6]1984年,小說獲得普羅米修斯「名人堂」獎[7]和1954雨果「復古」獎,這是2004年雨果最佳復古小說中四個獎中的一個。[8]布萊伯利獲1976年有聲圖書格萊美的口頭語言榮譽提名。[9]
故事大綱
編輯《華氏451度》背景設在未知城市(可能是美國中西部),在1960年後某個未知時刻里。[註 1][註 2][10][11]
小說分為三個部分:「火爐與火蜥蜴」、「濾網與沙子」和「火光」。
「火爐與火蜥蜴」
編輯蓋·蒙塔格是一名「消防員」,任務是焚毀禁書。一個秋季的夜晚,當他下班回家時遇到了一位新鄰居:妙齡女孩克菈瑞瑟·麥克蕾。麥克蕾蘭思想自由,她天馬行空的性格讓蒙塔格質疑自己的人生以及一成不變的幸福觀。蒙塔格回家後發現妻子繆德莉誤服了過量的安眠藥,於是急電救護。繆德莉得救,但對危急毫無印象。第二天,麥克蕾按時等蒙塔格下班。她告訴他自己的興趣讓她在學校倍受排斥。蒙塔格想要去參加所述的會議,但是正當他對此表示期望時,麥克蕾不見了。他感到出事了。[12]
第二天,在焚書時,蒙塔格趁同事不注意私藏了幾本。面對必然的消亡,藏書的老嫗拒絕離開,而是選擇點燃火柴,與書籍一同燃燒。蒙塔格倍感震驚。在入睡前,他將私藏的書放在枕頭下。震撼之餘,他試圖與妻子深入交流,但是卻發現自己對妻子一無所知,根本沒有共同語言。蒙塔格問她最近是否見過麥克蕾蘭。妻子喃喃道她認為麥克蕾蘭已經因交通事故遇害,她們全家已經搬走。不安的蒙塔格試圖入睡,並聽到窗外八腳機器「獵犬」[13]正在幫助其他消防員焚書。
第二天,蒙塔格起身上班。他將老嫗的事告訴冷漠的妻子,並稱自己想要辭職。而辭職後收入可能不保讓兩人大吵一架,妻子告訴蒙塔格這一切都是老嫗私藏禁書引起的,都是她自己的錯。
畢堤是蒙塔格的隊長,他前來看蒙塔格怎樣。得知蒙塔格的顧慮,畢堤重述書籍已經失去價值,這就是為什麼要消防員來焚書的緣故:在新時代裡,人們使用更先進的媒體、運動,適應更快節奏的生活。書籍要被無情地刪減,以適應人們日益短暫的注意力,抗議的不過是少數人,要保護書籍中過時的東西。政府對此加以利用,消防員為了公眾利益被聘用來焚書。畢堤不經意地提起所有消防員會好奇地私藏一兩本;只要禁書在24小時內被焚,全家就會沒事。
在畢堤離開後,蒙塔格告訴妻子在一年間他私藏了許多禁書,放在空調背後。驚慌的妻子將書投入焚化爐;蒙塔格制止了她,並告訴她倆人要坐下來讀書,看看它們的價值到底在哪裡。如果書籍毫無意義,就答應立刻焚書,回歸正軌。
「濾網與沙子」
編輯當蒙塔格和妻子精讀禁書時,前門傳來聞味道的聲音。蒙塔格立刻意識到這是機器獵犬,而繆德莉把它當成普通的寵物狗。當聲音停止後,他們繼續了討論。蒙塔格對繆德莉試圖自殺、老嫗的殉道,以及頭上轟炸機盤旋的聲音感到悲哀,他們對即將到來的戰爭知之甚少。他稱或許書中所記載的信息可以幫助社會逃過滅頂之災。然而,她的朋友安·鮑爾斯的到來打斷了談話,他們決定當晚在家看客廳牆(大型電視襯在客廳牆壁上)。
與此同時,蒙塔格認為他們需要理解書籍。他記起一年前他在公園遇到的英語教授費伯,當時書籍還不是違禁品。他致電費伯,但嚇破膽的費伯立刻掛機。蒙塔格沒有放棄,而是帶着從老嫗家中偷出來的《聖經》,坐地鐵來見費伯。蒙塔格強迫膽戰心驚的費伯給他做解析。費伯只得給蒙塔格一個自製的耳機,給他隨時隨地的提醒。
在蒙塔格回家後,妻子正在和克拉拉·菲爾普斯看電視。厭倦了無聊的節目,蒙塔格關了機,試圖與閨蜜們做深度交流,但只是發現她們對即將臨近的戰爭、朋友的去世、家庭和政治毫無興趣。無聊之極,蒙塔格拿了本詩,這令閨蜜們感到詫異,並讓費伯感到警覺。他讀了詩篇「多佛海灘」,令菲爾普斯夫人感動落淚。在費伯的請求下,蒙塔格焚燒了書籍。閨蜜離開,妻子則將自己關在廁所,吞食更多的安眠藥。
入夜,蒙塔格將書籍藏在後院,帶着偷來的《聖經》回到消防隊。他發現畢堤正在和同事玩牌。蒙塔格把書遞給他,後者隨手將它扔進垃圾箱。畢堤告訴蒙塔格他做了個夢,倆人在夢中沒完沒了地引述爭論。在交談中,蒙塔格突然發現畢堤其實隱藏了很多智慧。消防警報響起,畢堤帶隊出動。一行人來到目的地,蒙塔格驚訝地發現其竟是自己的家。
「火光」
編輯畢堤命令蒙塔格摧毀自己的家,告訴蒙塔格是他自己的妻子和朋友打了小報告。蒙塔格試圖與繆德莉談話,但是妻子匆匆上了出租車,消失在街頭。蒙塔格遵命,用噴火器指向了自己的家。不巧,畢堤發現了蒙塔格的耳機,準備逮捕費伯。蒙塔格手持噴火器阻止畢堤,在後者嘲諷下將其燒死,並打暈了同事。在蒙塔格逃跑時,消防站的機器獵犬攻擊他,在他腿上注射鎮定劑。蒙塔格用噴火器打退了機器獵犬,成功逃走。
蒙塔格穿過街市,來到費伯家。費伯催促他逃亡鄉下,到流亡的鴻儒那裡。費伯告訴蒙塔格他會乘早班車到聖路易斯,之後會再見。從電視上,他們得知機器獵犬已經出動,直升機正在盤旋追捕蒙塔格。蒙塔格離開費伯家,費勁周折來帶溪水邊。
蒙塔格順流而下,來到鄉野,遇到流亡者們,領頭的叫格蘭特。他們各自背誦一段經典,以便在新社會裡派上用場。在得知流亡者們的故事後,人們無助地看着轟炸機向城市投放核彈,將城市夷為平地。費伯應該在早上乘車離開,那麼繆德莉和其他人大概都已嗚呼。流亡者們雖然受傷,但是躲過了衝擊波。
第二天早晨,格蘭特告訴蒙塔格和眾人有關鳳凰轉世的故事。他補充道鳳凰與人類必然有相似之處,都會重複錯誤。格蘭特強調人類有些優點,那就是可以記起自己曾經的錯誤,以免重蹈覆轍。格蘭特打趣道人們可以建起許多鏡子工廠,以便自省。飯後,人們走向城市,開始重建。
人物
編輯- 蓋·蒙塔格(Guy Montag)作為本書的主角,他是一位忠於職守的消防員,卻透過自己的雙眼看到一切、產生懷疑,進而尋求自由。姓氏來於造紙公司。
- 克菈瑞瑟·麥克蕾蘭(Clarisse McClellan)是蒙塔格在回家的路上所遇到的17歲美少女。在這個無書的世界中,喜歡自然、好說話的她顯得一支獨秀。她與她的家人保持過去的生活方式,也受到政府監視。
- 繆德莉·蒙塔格(Mildred "Millie" Montag)是蒙塔格的妻子,有著安眠藥上癮症。生活不離科技產品,耳中時常帶著無線收音機,每天都待在電視牆前,蒙塔格書中一直想把她帶離現況。
- 畢堤隊長(Captain Beatty)是蒙塔格的長官,消防隊長。是位博學、豪快卻富有心機的學霸。他明白知曉這世界的運作,卻服膺於規則之下。
- 費伯(Faber)之前是英文教授。小心翼翼在這世界的夾縫中苟且偷生。曾與蒙塔格於私下有一面之緣,後來成為他反抗的導師。名字來自知名的文具製造商Faber-Castell。
- 安·鮑爾斯和克拉拉·菲爾普斯夫人,(Ann Bowles, Clara Phelps)是繆德莉的朋友,代表社會的反智主義和享樂主義。在來家裡玩的時候,她們抱怨生活中的不快,對即將到來的戰爭、她們的丈夫、孩子和政治感到不屑。菲爾普斯夫人的丈夫皮特應徵入伍(她認為丈夫過一周就可以回來,這就是她認為戰爭和參加綜藝節目差不多),覺得孩子不過是生活中的累贅。鮑爾斯結了三次婚,是位單身母親。她的第一任丈夫拋棄了她,第二位丈夫出了事故,第三位丈夫自殺。她的兩個孩子因疏於管教而十分叛逆:鮑爾斯夫人稱自己的孩子打她,又因自己能夠還手而感到自豪。當蒙塔格給她們讀詩時,菲爾普斯感動落淚,而鮑爾斯夫人覺得這些文字傷了她的面子。
歷史背景
編輯布萊伯利一生熱愛閱讀開始於早年。在二十世紀二十年代到三十年代,他是圖書館的常客,回憶起遺憾的事情,他感到科幻小說沒有得到足夠的重視,如赫伯特·喬治·威爾斯,因為在當時科幻小說在文學界不登大雅之堂。在得知亞歷山大圖書館被毀,[14]這位青年明白面對審查和摧殘,書籍是如此脆弱。日後,布萊伯利為納粹黨焚書[15]和斯大林的大清洗倍感恐懼。[16]
1945年,在二戰末尾,日本遭到原子彈襲擊,美國將注意力轉移到蘇聯核彈計劃以及共產主義擴張。成立於1938年的眾議院非美調查委員會開始就共產黨嫌疑調查公民,在1947年就此對好萊塢藝人舉行聽證會。該聽證會產生了黑名單,即所謂的「好萊塢十君子」,[17]他們是一組具有影響力的劇作家和導演。政府對演藝界的粗暴干預令布萊伯利十分憤怒。[18]對自己政府的惱怒,以及1949年夜間遭遇瘋狂的警察,導致布萊伯利寫了《過路人》,這篇短篇小說成為《消防員》,爾後《華氏451度》。1950年,參議員約瑟夫·麥卡錫對共產黨人瘋狂的搜捕使得布萊伯利對政府的過激行為感到蔑視。[19][20]
同年,眾議院非美調查委員會對好萊塢進行審查,被認為是冷戰的開始,1947年3月,杜魯門主義宣布。1950年,冷戰全面展開,美國公眾對核戰爭和共產主義的恐懼達到前所未有的高度。這使得布萊伯利開始就核屠殺寫作,以《華氏451度》結尾,象徵當年美國人所恐懼的各個種種。[21]
布萊伯利早年目睹了黃金時代廣播轉變為黃金時代電視,這正是他開始寫作並最終完成《華氏451度》。布萊伯利認為這些媒體形式威脅到書籍閱讀,並最終危及社會,他認為這些事物會干擾對重要事件的注意。這些對大規模媒體傳播的蔑視化身為繆德莉和她的朋友,是小說的重要主題之一。[22]
寫作與發展
編輯布萊伯利之前曾經寫過一系列故事,《華氏451度》取自它們。許多年以來,他在採訪和授課時表示自己曾經試圖將《過路人》單拎出來作為《華氏451度》的原型。在2006年詩集《走向火焰:華氏451度的寫作之路》序言中,他表示着過於簡單了。[23]《走向火焰》給出了《華氏451度》的全部族譜。如下包含了最扼要的部分。[來源請求]
在1947和1948年間,[24]布萊伯利寫了短篇小說《光輝鳳凰》(直到1963年5月才在《科幻小說雜誌》上出版[25][26]),講述了一位圖書館員遭遇名叫喬納森·巴尼斯的焚書「大審查官」。很顯然,巴尼斯是《華氏451度》中畢堤隊長的預兆。[來源請求]
在1949年末,[27]布萊伯利在一天夜行時被警察叫住盤問。[28][29]當問到「你在幹什麼?」時,布萊伯利俏皮道:「把一隻腳放在另一隻腳前面。」[28][29]這個事件為布萊伯利創作1951年短篇小說《過路人》提供了靈感。[註 3][28][29]在《過路人》中,倫納德·米德夜行時被城市裡警方遙控的機器盤問騷擾,在此,所有人都呆在家裡看電視。由於沒有託詞,米德因行事古怪而被送入「退化行為心理研究中心」。《華氏451度》也提到了這一主題,描述了利用廣播傳媒的獨裁社會。[來源請求]
在《消防員》中,布萊伯利擴展了《光輝鳳凰》的焚書事件[30]和《過路人》的極權主義未來[31],小說在1951年2月在《銀河科幻小說》上出版。[32][33]《消防員》是布萊伯利在加州大學洛杉磯分校地下室鮑威爾圖書館的打字機上敲出來的,每半小時10分錢。[34]第一份手稿為25,000字,在9天內完成。[35]
在出版商巴蘭坦的催促下,他得將小說字數翻倍,不得不重新回到打字房裡續寫,並再用了9天完成了《華氏451度》。[34]故事完成後,巴蘭坦在1953年將其出版。[36]
補充材料
編輯布萊伯利給小說補充了許多前後記,包括1979年結尾感言,[37]1982年結束語、[38]1993年前言和各類引言。他在這些補充材料里提供了對小說主題的評論,[37]以及對電影改編的想法,各種與寫作構思相關的個人軼事。[來源請求]
出版歷史
編輯小說在美國的第一版是由巴蘭坦出版公司於1953年10月發行。在紙質版出版後精裝版也相繼出版,包括200份由石棉包裝的簽名特輯。[39][40][41]嚴格意義上來說,這些小說是合集,因為它還包括了兩個短篇小說:《操場》和《石頭的吶喊》,爾後都被省略掉。[2][42]幾個月過去後,小說在早期《花花公子》雜誌上刊登連載,日期為1954年的3月、4月和5月。[4][43]
刪改
編輯自1967年1月起,《華氏451度》就被出版商巴蘭坦反覆刪改,後者發布了面向高中生的「巴蘭坦高中版」。[44][45]被出版商審查刪改的地方有「hell」(活見鬼)、「damn」(該死的)和「abortion」(墮胎);改動超過了75個段落和兩個章節。[45][46]例如,一位醉漢扣肚臍眼變成了「一位病人「掏耳朵」。[45][47]在一段時期內,刪節版和原版都能同時買到,但是到了1973年巴蘭坦只出版刪節版。[47][48]到了1979年這引起了布萊伯利的注意:[47][48]
在1979年,布萊伯利的一位朋友給他看了刪節版。布萊伯利要求巴蘭坦公司撤回,恢復原文,在1980年原版再次露面。在復原版中的作者後記里,布萊伯利對讀者描述稱出版商刪改作者文字並不稀奇,但是他稱自己不會容忍手稿被「殘害」。
「巴蘭坦高中版」現在被出版商稱之為「巴蘭坦高中修訂版」。[49]
非印刷出版物
編輯布萊伯利自己閱讀的有聲讀物在1976年出版,獲得第19屆格萊美獎最佳有聲讀物提名。[9]2005年,克里斯托弗·赫特出版了另一個有聲讀物。[50]圖書的電子版在2011年12月發行。[51][52]
迴響
編輯1954年,《星際科幻》評論員格羅夫·康克林將小說列為「在過去幾十年中最佳英語幻想小說。」[53]《芝加哥論壇報》的奧古斯特·德萊斯稱小說:「是一個對未來可能生活殘忍的,令人震驚地殘忍預言,」稱其「引人注目」,讚揚布萊伯利「出色的想象力」。[54]半個世紀後,山姆·維勒寫道:「在出版之時,《華氏451度》被譽為社會評論中富有見地之作。」[55]今天,《華氏451度》依然被視為反對盲從和焚書的警世通言。[56]
當小說最初發行時,人們並沒有發現其中的真諦。安東尼·鮑徹和J·弗朗西斯·康那士感到小說無趣無味,指責小說「不過是湊字,偶爾蹦出點有意思的把戲, ...常常閃爍寫言辭上的才華[但是]在玩弄文字遊戲。」[57]在為《出彩科幻片》做評論時,P·司凱樂·米勒稱標題是「布萊伯利另一個苦澀,幾乎是歇斯底里的謾罵,」並讚揚其「感情強烈,引人入勝,文字細膩。」[58]類似地,《紐約時報》對小說不感冒,常常指責布萊伯利製造了「對當今世界的惡意仇恨,如畸形的無線電、電視、電影、業餘、職業運動、汽車和侮辱人類思維存在的簡潔性。」[59]
主題
編輯就《華氏451度》的討論常常集中在基於國家的審查制度。很顯然,當布萊伯利寫小說時正是麥卡錫時代,他很擔心美國的審查制度。在1956年的電台採訪時,[60][61]布萊伯利說:
我寫書的時候正為這個國家擔心,擔心四年前發生的事情。許多人連自己的影子都害怕;書籍有被焚燒的威脅。當時,很多書都下了架。當然,四年間事情變了很多。有不少回到了非常健康的方向上。但是當時我想寫些故事,以便探究如果我們在這條路上無節制地走下去時國家會怎樣。所有的思想停滯,惡龍吞噬了自己的尾巴,我們消失在獄所,被自己的行為毀滅。
隨着時間推移,布萊伯利傾向於淡化審查制度。作為取代,他稱《華氏451度》真正要傳達的信息是談判思維被大眾傳媒和少數圖書利益集團所包圍。在五十年代末,布萊伯利回顧到:
在寫短篇小說《華氏451度》時,我想自己正在描述未來四十或五十年會發生的事情。但是僅僅幾個星期前,我在比佛利山遇到一對遛狗的夫婦。我停下來看着他們,全然震驚。女士手持一個小香煙盒大小的無線電,天線抖動着。這個跳躍的銅線末端連接着考究的圓錐體,塞入她的耳朵。這就是她,很明顯,對於男子和狗來說,她正在收聽遠方的聲音、私語和肥皂劇,就這樣夢遊着,由丈夫牽着走來走去,而丈夫也很可能同樣心不在焉。這不是寫小說。[62]
這個故事類似繆德莉的「貝殼耳朵頂針」(即一種耳機),它成為她與蒙塔格之間壁壘。在2007年採訪中,布萊伯利稱人們誤解了他的作品,《華氏451度》傳達的其實是大眾傳媒如電視機扼殺了文學閱讀。[63]就少數人來說,他在1979年結尾部分寫道:
焚書的方式不止一種。世界上滿是點燃火柴的人們。每一個少數人權,也許是/浸信會人/一位論者/愛爾蘭人/意大利人/八九十歲老人/禪宗佛教徒/猶太復國主義者/基督復臨安息日會員/女性自由主義者/共和黨人/瑪特欣協會會員/四方福音人/都有必要、有權利、有義務去潑灑煤油,點燃導火線...在我的小說《華氏451度》中,消防隊長畢堤描述了書籍首先由少部分人開始焚燒,每個人從這本書撕去一頁或一個段落,直到書籍被清空、思想停滯,圖書館完全關閉的那天到來。六個星期前,我發現在這些年間,巴蘭坦出版社的小房間裡有一些編輯出於害怕侵蝕青年,對書籍75個段落一點一點地進行審查。閱讀小說的青年終究會在未來應付審查和焚書事件,他們寫信告訴我這個精巧的諷刺。巴蘭坦的一位新編輯朱迪·林恩·德雷伊在這個夏天將正本書重新復原再版,把所有的「該死的」和「活見鬼的」放回了原位。[64]
焚書審查制度,布萊伯利稱兩大因素有個副作用;畢堤隊長與蒙塔格談論消防員歷史的對話於此一致。根據布萊伯利,是人民,而不是政府成為《華氏451度》中的罪犯。[63]不敢怎樣,審查制度的作用,無論是基於國家的還是其它的,都是小說最常常談論的主題。[65]
處理審查制度以外,小說還有其它主題被提及。兩個主要主題是反對從眾和利用技術和大眾傳媒控制個體。布萊伯利探索了政府可以利用大眾傳媒來影響社會,通過焚書來壓制個體。畢堤和費伯都指出美國民眾應當被指責。由於他們喜歡單純正面的形象,書籍必須被壓制。畢堤指責少數人,後者認為出版傷了他們的面子。費伯進一步稱美國民眾乾脆停止了閱讀。他注意到焚書自身成為了公眾的娛樂。[66]
展望未來
編輯布萊伯利自稱是「未來的阻止者,而不是預測者。」[67]雖然他不相信焚書坑儒是未來的必然,但想警示相關的發展。[67]在最近的採訪中,當被問及他是否相信在學校里教授《華氏451度》可以阻止這種極權主義的未來[1],他表示否定。然而,他表示教育必須從幼兒園和小學一年級開始。如果學生在那時錯過了閱讀,就將再也讀不到《華氏451度》了。[68]
其他媒體
編輯電視
編輯改編電視電影為HBO製作,由拉敏·巴赫拉尼執導,麥可·B·喬丹和麥可·夏儂主演,該片於2018年在HBO播出。
電影
編輯文化影響
編輯麥可·摩爾的2004年記錄片《華氏911》指的就是小說《華氏451度》與九一一襲擊事件,使用了電影的副標題「自由燃燒的溫度」來強調。這部電影為喬治·沃克·布什、反恐戰爭和它覆蓋到的新媒體給予了一個嚴肅的觀點,並且成為了最高票房的紀錄片。[72]雷·布萊伯利很生氣,因為他覺得這電影盜用了他的標題,並且希望電影改名。[73][74]
2015年,互聯網工程指導組(IESG)支持了提案《報告法律障礙的HTTP狀態碼》(英語:An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles),即現在的RFC 7725 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)。這個提案詳述了當用戶請求了一個根據相關法律法規與政策禁止顯示的頁面時,受迫於法律法規而攔截資源的網站應該返回一個451的HTTP狀態碼。[75][76][77][78]
《攝氏232度》是Robert Calvert寫的一首詩,1977年書面出版,2007年專輯首發。這個標題影射了《華氏451度》,因為二者換算之後相等。[79]
台灣台中市沙鹿區的一座圖書館臺中市立圖書館沙鹿深波分館在建築外牆上有著「451 °F」的字樣,即為致敬本作品。
Yorushika創作的一首歌曲「451」致敬本作品。
腳註
編輯注釋
編輯- ^ During Captain Beatty's recounting of the history of the firemen to Montag, he says, "Out of the nursery into the college and back to the nursery; there's your intellectual pattern for the past five centuries or more." The text is ambiguous regarding which century he is claiming began this pattern. One interpretation is that he means the 20th century, which would place the novel in at least the 24th century. "The Fireman" novella, which was expanded to become Fahrenheit 451, is set in October 2052.
- ^ In early editions of the book, Montag says, "We've started and won two atomic wars since 1960" in the first pages of The Sieve and the Sand. This sets a lower bound on the time setting. In later decades, some editions have changed this year to 1990 or 2022.
- ^ "The Pedestrian" would go on to be published in The Reporter magazine on August 7, 1951, that is, after the publication in February 1951 of its inspired work "The Fireman".
來源
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 Gerall, Alina; Hobby, Blake. Fahrenheit 451. Bloom, Harold; Hobby, Blake (編). Civil Disobedience. Infobase Publishing. 2010: 148. ISBN 978-1-60413-439-1.
While Fahrenheit 451 begins as a dystopic novel about a totalitarian government that bans reading, the novel ends with Montag relishing the book he has put to memory.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Crider, Bill. Laughlin, Charlotte; Lee, Billy C. , 編. Ray Bradbury's FAHRENHEIT 451. Paperback Quarterly. Fall 1980, III (3): 22 [2015-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-4344-0633-0. (原始內容存檔於2014-01-25).
The first paperback edition featured illustrations by Joe Mugnaini and contained two stories in addition to the title tale: 'The Playground' and 'And The Rock Cried Out.'
- ^ Boyle Johnston, Amy E. "Ray Bradbury: Fahrenheit 451 Misinterpreted" 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2007-07-12., LA Weekly, May 30, 2007.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Aggelis, Steven L. (編). Conversations with Ray Bradbury. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. 2004: xxix. ISBN 1-57806-640-9.
...[in 1954 Bradbury received] two other awards—National Institute of Arts and Letters Award in Literature and Commonwealth Club of California Literature Gold Medal Award—for Fahrenheit 451, which is published in three installments in Playboy.
- ^ Davis, Scott A. The California Book Awards Winners 1931 - 2012 (PDF). Commonwealth Club of California. [5 March 2014]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-02-28).
- ^ Nolan, William F. BRADBURY: Prose Poet In The Age Of Space. The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (Mercury). May 1963, 24 (5): 20.
Then there was the afternoon at Huston's Irish manor when a telegram arrived to inform Bradbury that his first novel, Fahrenheit 451, a bitterly-satirical story of the book-burning future, had been awarded a grant of $1,000 from the National Institute of Arts and Letters.
- ^ Libertarian Futurist Society: Prometheus Awards, A Short History. [August 9, 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-19).
- ^ 1954 Retro Hugo Awards. [August 9, 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2011-05-07).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 19th Annual Grammy Awards Final Nominations. Billboard. January 22, 1976, 89 (3): 110 [2015-02-18]. ISSN 0006-2510. (原始內容存檔於2013-12-31).
- ^ Reid, Robin Anne. Ray Bradbury: A Critical Companion. Critical Companions to Popular Contemporary Writers. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 2000: 53. ISBN 0-313-30901-9.
Fahrenheit 451 is set in an unnamed city in the United States, possibly in the Midwest, in some undated future.
- ^ Society for the Study of Midwestern Literature. Greasley, Philip A. , 編. Dictionary of Midwestern Literature. 1, The Authors. Indiana University Press. 2001: 78 [5 March 2014]. ISBN 9780253336095.
Fahrenheit 451 is not set in any specific locale...
- ^ de Koster, Katie (編). Readings on Fahrenheit 451. Literary Companion Series. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. 2000: 35. ISBN 1-56510-857-4.
Montag does not realize at first that she is gone, or that he misses her; he simply feels that something is the matter.
- ^ de Koster, Katie (編). Readings on Fahrenheit 451. Literary Companion Series. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. 2000: 32. ISBN 1-56510-857-4.
The Mechanical Hound is an eight-legged glass and metal contraption that serves as a surveillance tool and programmable killing machine for the firemen, who use it to track down suspected book hoarders and readers.
- ^ Cusatis, John. Research Guide to American Literature: Postwar Literature 1945–1970. Facts on File Library of American Literature 6 New. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4381-3405-5.
He 'wept' when he learned at the age of nine that the ancient library of Alexandria had been burned.
- ^ Westfahl, Gary. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2005: 1029 [2015-02-18]. ISBN 9780313329531. (原始內容存檔於2014-06-29).
Inspired by images of book burning by the Nazis and written at the height of Army-McCarthy 'Red Scare' hearings in America, Fahrenheit 451...
- ^ Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 audio guide. The Big Read. [2015-02-18]. (原始內容存檔於2017-05-24).
Well, we should learn from history about the destruction of books. When I was fifteen years old, Hitler burned books in the streets of Berlin. And it terrified me because I was a librarian and he was touching my life: all those great plays, all that great poetry, all those wonderful essays, all those great philosophers. So, it became very personal, didn't it? Then I found out about Russia burning the books behind the scenes. But they did it in such a way that people didn't know about it. They killed the authors behind the scenes. They burned the authors instead of the books. So I learned then how dangerously(原文如此) it all was.
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被忽略 (幫助) - ^ Kelley, Ken. Playboy Interview: Ray Bradbury. Playboy. raybradbury.com. May 1996 [2015-02-18]. (原始內容存檔於2019-08-17).
In the movie business the Hollywood Ten were sent to prison for refusing to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and in the Screen Writers Guild Bradbury was one of the lonely voices opposing the loyalty oath imposed on its members.
- ^ Beley, Gene. Ray Bradbury uncensored!. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. 2007. ISBN 978-0-595-37364-2.
'I was angry at Senator Joseph McCarthy and the people before him, like Parnell Thomas and the House Un-American Activities Committee and Bobby Kennedy, who was part of that whole bunch,' Bradbury told Judith Green, San Joe Mercury News theatre critic, in the October 30, 1993, edition. 'I was angry about the blacklisting and the Hollywood 10. I was a $100 a week screenwriter, but I wasn't scared—I was angry.'
- ^ Beley, Gene. Ray Bradbury Uncensored!: The Unauthorized Biography. iUniverse. 2006: 130–140. ISBN 9780595373642.
- ^ Eller, Jonathan R.; Touponce, William F. Ray Bradbury: The Life of Fiction. Kent State University Press. 2004: 164–165. ISBN 9780873387798.
- ^ Hendershot, Cynthia. Paranoia, the Bomb, and 1950s Science Fiction Films. Popular Press. 1999: 127. ISBN 9780879727994.
Even if many 1950s sf films seem comic to us today, they register the immediacy of the nuclear threat for their original audiences.
- ^ Reid, Robin Anne. Ray Bradbury: A Critical Companion. Critical Companions to Popular Contemporary Writers. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 2000: 59 [2015-02-18]. ISBN 0-313-30901-9. (原始內容存檔於2014-12-16).
- ^ Bradbury, Ray. Preface. Albright, Donn; Eller, Jon (編). Match to Flame: The Fictional Paths to Fahrenheit 451 1st. Colorado Springs, CO: Gauntlet Publications. 2006: 9. ISBN 1-887368-86-8.
For many years I've told people that Fahrenheit 451 was the result of my story 'The Pedestrian' continuing itself in my life. It turns out that this is a misunderstanding of my own past. Long before 'The Pedestrian' I did all the stories that you'll find in this book and forgot about them.
- ^ The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (Mercury). May 1963, 24 (5): 23.
Ray Bradbury calls this story, the first of the tandem, 'a curiosity. I wrote it [he says] back in 1947–48 and it remained in my files over the years, going out only a few times to quality markets like Harper's Bazaar or The Atlantic Monthly, where it was dismissed. It lay in my files and collected about it many ideas. These ideas grew large and became ... FAHRENHEIT 451.'
缺少或|title=
為空 (幫助) - ^ Bradbury, Ray. Bright Phoenix. The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (Mercury). May 1963, 24 (5): 23–29.
- ^ About the Book: Fahrenheit 451. The Big Read. National Endowment for the Arts. (原始內容存檔於2012-05-11).
- ^ Eller, Jon. Albright, Donn; Eller, Jon , 編. Writing by Degrees: The Family Tree of Fahrenheit 451. Match to Flame: The Fictional Paths to Fahrenheit 451 1st (Colorado Springs, CO: Gauntlet Publications). 2006: 68. ISBN 1-887368-86-8.
The specific incident that sparked 'The Pedestrian' involved a similar late-night walk with a friend along Wilshire Boulevard near Western Avenue sometime in late 1949.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 audio guide. The Big Read. [2015-02-18]. (原始內容存檔於2017-05-24).
When I came out of a restaurant when I was thirty years old, and I went walking along Wilshire Boulevard with a friend, and a police car pulled up and the policeman got up and came up to us and said, 'What are you doing?'. I said, 'Putting one foot in front of the other' and that was the wrong answer but he kept saying, you know, 'Look in this direction and that direction: there are no pedestrians' but that give me the idea for the 'The Pedestrian' and 'The Pedestrian' turned into Montag! So the police officer is responsible for the writing of Fahrenheit 451.
|at=
被忽略 (幫助) - ^ 29.0 29.1 29.2 de Koster, Katie (編). Readings on Fahrenheit 451. Literary Companion Series. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. 2000: 26. ISBN 1-56510-857-4.
- ^ de Koster, Katie (編). Readings on Fahrenheit 451. Literary Companion Series. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. 2000: 158. ISBN 1-56510-857-4.
He writes 'The Phoenix(原文如此),' which he will later develop into the short story 'The Fireman,' which will eventually become Fahrenheit 451.
- ^ Eller, Jon. Albright, Donn; Eller, Jon , 編. Writing by Degrees: The Family Tree of Fahrenheit 451. Match to Flame: The Fictional Paths to Fahrenheit 451 1st (Colorado Springs, CO: Gauntlet Publications). 2006: 68. ISBN 1-887368-86-8.
As Bradbury has often noted, 'The Pedestrian' marks the true flashpoint that exploded into 'The Fireman' and Fahrenheit 451.
- ^ Bradbury, Ray. The Fireman. Galaxy Science Fiction. 5. February 1951, 15 (1): 4–61.
- ^ de Koster, Katie (編). Readings on Fahrenheit 451. Literary Companion Series. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. 2000: 164. ISBN 1-56510-857-4.
The short story which Bradbury later expanded into the novel Fahrenheit 451, was originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction, vol. 1, no. 5(February 1951), under the title 'The Fireman.'
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Eller, Jon. Albright, Donn; Eller, Jon , 編. Writing by Degrees: The Family Tree of Fahrenheit 451. Match to Flame: The Fictional Paths to Fahrenheit 451 1st (Colorado Springs, CO: Gauntlet Publications). 2006: 57. ISBN 1-887368-86-8.
In 1950 Ray Bradbury composed his 25,000-word novella 'The Fireman' in just this way, and three years later he returned to the same subterranean typing room for another nine-day stint to expand this cautionary tale into the 50,000-word novel Fahrenheit 451.
- ^ Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451 50th anniversary. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. 2003: 167–168. ISBN 0-345-34296-8.
- ^ Baxter, John. A Pound of Paper: Confessions of a Book Addict. Macmillan. 2005: 393. ISBN 9781466839892.
When it published the first edition in 1953, Ballantine also produced 200 signed and numbered copies bound in Johns-Manville Quintera, a form of asbestos.
- ^ 37.0 37.1 Brier, Evan. A Novel Marketplace: Mass Culture, the Book Trade, and Postwar American Fiction. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2011: 65 [2015-02-23]. ISBN 9780812201444. (原始內容存檔於2014-06-29).
Bradbury closes his 1979 'Coda' to Fahrenheit 451, one of numerous comments on the novel he has published since 1953, ...
- ^ Reid, Robin Anne. Ray Bradbury: A Critical Companion. Critical Companions to Popular Contemporary Writers. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 2000: 53 [2015-02-23]. ISBN 0-313-30901-9. (原始內容存檔於2014-06-29).
In a 1982 afterword...
- ^ Tuck, Donald H. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy. 1: Who's Who, A–L. Chicago, IL: Advent. March 1974: 62. ISBN 0-911682-20-1. LCCN 73091828.
Special edition bound in asbestos—200 copies ca. 1954, $4.00 [probably Ballantine text]
- ^ Fahrenheit 451. Ray Bradbury Online. spaceagecity.com. [September 4, 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2017-05-16).
200 copies were signed and numbered and bound in 'Johns-Manville Quinterra,' an asbestos material.
- ^ de Koster, Katie (編). Readings on Fahrenheit 451. Literary Companion Series. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. 2000: 164. ISBN 1-56510-857-4.
A special limited-edition version of the book with an asbestos cover was printed in 1953.
- ^ Weller, Sam. The Bradbury Chronicles: The Life of Ray Bradbury. HarperCollins. 2006: 208 [2015-02-23]. ISBN 978-0-06-054584-0. (原始內容存檔於2014-04-30).
To fulfill his agreement with Doubleday that the book be a collection rather than a novel, the first edition of Fahrenheit 451 included two additional short stories—'The Playground' and 'And the Rock Cried Out.'(The original plan was to include eight stories plus Fahrenheit 451, but Ray didn't have time to revise all the tales.)'The Playground' and 'And the Rock Cried Out' were removed in much later printings; in the meantime, Ray had met his contractual obligation with the first edition. Fahrenheit 451 was a short novel, but it was also a part of a collection.
- ^ de Koster, Katie (編). Readings on Fahrenheit 451. Literary Companion Series. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. 2000: 159. ISBN 1-56510-857-4.
A serialized version of Fahrenheit 451 appears in the March, April, and May 1954 issues of Playboy magazine.
- ^ Crider, Bill. Lee, Billy C.; Laughlin, Charlotte , 編. Reprints/Reprints: Ray Bradbury's FAHRENHEIT 451. Paperback Quarterly. Fall 1980, III (3): 25 [2015-02-23]. (原始內容存檔於2014-06-30).
The censorship began with a special 'Bal-Hi' edition in 1967, an edition designed for high school students...
- ^ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Karolides, Nicholas J.; Bald, Margaret; Sova, Dawn B. 120 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature Second. Checkmark Books. 2011: 488. ISBN 978-0-8160-8232-2.
In 1967, Ballantine Books published a special edition of the novel to be sold in high schools. Over 75 passages were modified to eliminate such words as hell, damn, and abortion, and two incidents were eliminated. The original first incident described a drunk man who was changed to a sick man in the expurgated edition. In the second incident, reference is made to cleaning fluff out of the human navel, but the expurgated edition changed the reference to cleaning ears.
- ^ Burress, Lee. Battle of the Books: Literary Censorship in the Public Schools, 1950–1985. Scarecrow Press. 1989: 104 [2015-02-23]. ISBN 0-8108-2151-6. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-31).
- ^ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Greene, Bill. The mutilation and rebirth of a classic: Fahrenheit 451. Compass: New Directions at Falvey (Villanova University). February 2007, III (3) [August 3, 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-11).
- ^ 48.0 48.1 Karolides, Nicholas J.; Bald, Margaret; Sova, Dawn B. 120 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature Second. Checkmark Books. 2011: 488. ISBN 978-0-8160-8232-2.
After six years of simultaneous editions, the publisher ceased publication of the adult version, leaving only the expurgated version for sale from 1973 through 1979, during which neither Bradbury nor anyone else suspected the truth.
- ^ Crider, Bill. Lee, Billy C.; Laughlin, Charlotte , 編. Reprints/Reprints: Ray Bradbury's FAHRENHEIT 451. Paperback Quarterly. Fall 1980, III (3): 25 [2015-02-23]. (原始內容存檔於2014-06-30).
There is no mention anywhere on the Bal-Hi edition that it has been abridged, but printing histories in later Ballantine editions refer to the 'Revised Bal-Hi Editions.'
- ^ Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. Read by Christopher Hurt Unabridged. Ashland, OR: Blackstone Audiobooks. 2005. ISBN 0-7861-7627-X.
- ^ Fahrenheit 451 becomes e-book despite author's feelings. BBC News. November 30, 2011 [August 24, 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2021-11-29).
- ^ Flood, Alison. Fahrenheit 451 ebook published as Ray Bradbury gives in to digital era. The Guardian. November 30, 2011 [October 6, 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2022-01-03).
- ^ Conklin, Groff. Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf. Galaxy Science Fiction. February 1954: 108.
- ^ Derleth, August. Vivid Prophecy of Book Burning. Chicago Sunday Tribune. October 25, 1953.
- ^ Weller, Sam. Listen to the Echoes: The Ray Bradbury Interviews. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. 2010: 124.
- ^ McNamee, Gregory. Appreciations: Fahrenheit 451. Kirkus Reviews. September 15, 2010, 78 (18): 882.
- ^ "Recommended Reading," F&SF, December 1953, p. 105.
- ^ "The Reference Library", Astounding Science Fiction, April 1954, pp. 145–46
- ^ Nothing but TV. The New York Times. November 14, 1953.
- ^ Ticket to the Moon (tribute to SciFi) (Ogg Vorbis). Biography in Sound. Narrated by Norman Rose. NBC Radio News. 27:10–27:57. December 4, 1956 [March 1, 2013]. 外部連結存在於
|work=
(幫助) - ^ The Definitive Biography in Sound Radio Log. [March 1, 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-21).
- ^ Quoted by Kingsley Amis in New Maps of Hell: A Survey of Science Fiction(1960). Bradbury directly foretells this incident early in the work: "And in her ears the little Seashells, the thimble radios tamped tight, and an electronic ocean of sound, of music and talk and music and talking coming in." p.12
- ^ 63.0 63.1 Johnston, Amy E. Boyle. Ray Bradbury: Fahrenheit 451 Misinterpreted. LA Weekly website. May 30, 2007 [August 3, 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2013-12-11).
Bradbury still has a lot to say, especially about how people do not understand his most famous literary work, Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953 ... Bradbury, a man living in the creative and industrial center of reality TV and one-hour dramas, says it is, in fact, a story about how television destroys interest in reading literature.
- ^ Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451 50th anniversary. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. 2003: 175–179. ISBN 0-345-34296-8.
- ^ Eller, Jonathan R.; Touponce, William F. Ray Bradbury: The Life of Fiction. Kent State University Press. 2004: 91 [2015-02-18]. ISBN 9780873387798. (原始內容存檔於2014-06-29).
The main target of Fahrenheit 451 is not censorship, as is often supposed, but rather mass culture...
- ^ Reid, Robin Anne. Ray Bradbury: A Critical Companion. Critical Companions to Popular Contemporary Writers. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 2000: 59–60. ISBN 0-313-30901-9.
- ^ 67.0 67.1 Aggelis, Steven L. (編). Conversations with Ray Bradbury. Interview by Shel Dorf. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. 2004: 99. ISBN 1-57806-640-9.
I am a preventor of futures, not a predictor of them. I wrote Fahrenheit 451 to prevent book-burnings, not to induce that future into happening, or even to say that it was inevitable.
- ^ Aggelis, Steven L. (編). Conversations with Ray Bradbury. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. 2004: 189. ISBN 1-57806-640-9.
- ^ Weller, Sam. Listen to the Echoes: The Ray Bradbury Interviews. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. 2010: 263.
- ^ 互聯網電影數據庫(IMDb)上《華氏451度》的資料(英文)
- ^ Frey, James N. How to Write a Damn Good Thriller: A Step-by-Step Guide for Novelists and Screenwriters 1st. Macmillan. 2010: 255 [2014-03-05]. ISBN 978-0-312-57507-6.
FAHRENHEIT 451* (1966); written by François Truffaut from the novel by Ray Bradbury; starring Oskar Werner and Julie Christie; directed by François Truffaut.
- ^ Fahrenheit 9/11. Box Office Mojo. [2011-10-02]. (原始內容存檔於2018-04-30) (英語).
- ^ "Fahrenheit 451" author wants title back. Hardball with Chris Matthews. 2004-06-29 [2018-01-15]. (原始內容存檔於2013-01-15) (英語).
- ^ Call it a tale of two 'Fahrenheits'. MSNBC. 2004-06-29 [2018-01-15]. (原始內容存檔於2012-11-05) (英語).
- ^ Nottingham, Mark. mnot's blog: Why 451?. 2015-12-21 [2015-12-21]. (原始內容存檔於2015-12-29) (英語).
- ^ An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles. Internet Engineering Steering Group. 2015-12-21 [2015-12-21]. (原始內容存檔於2016-02-29) (英語).
- ^ Tim Bray. An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles. Internet Engineering Task Force. 2016年2月 [2016-11-08]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04) (英語).
Thanks also to Ray Bradbury.
- ^ What is Error 451?. Open Rights Group. [2015-12-21]. (原始內容存檔於2021-11-17) (英語).
- ^ The works of Robert Calvert – part III: 1976 – '78. www.Aural-Innovations.com. [2018-01-15]. (原始內容存檔於2012-04-06) (英語).
延伸讀物
編輯- Bustard, Ned (2004), Fahrenheit 451 Comprehension Guide, Veritas Press.
- McGiveron, R. O. What 'Carried the Trick'? Mass Exploitation and the Decline of Thought in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451. Extrapolation (Liverpool University Press). 1996, 37 (3): 245–256. ISSN 0014-5483.
- McGiveron, R. O. Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451. Explicator. 1996, 54 (3): 177–180. ISSN 0014-4940. doi:10.1080/00144940.1996.9934107.
- Smolla, Rodney A. The Life of the Mind and a Life of Meaning: Reflections on Fahrenheit 451 (PDF). Michigan Law Review. April 2009, 107 (6): 895–912. ISSN 0026-2234. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-03-11).
- Tuck, Donald H. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Chicago: Advent. 1974: 62. ISBN 978-0-911682-20-5.