尼格利陀人

尼格利陀人（Negrito）一詞是指居住在東南亞和安達曼群島偏遠地區的幾個不同種族群體，他們一般膚色偏黑，住在叢林中，從事狩獵採集的生活型態^[1]。

根據觀察到的身體相似性，尼格利陀曾被認為是由密切相關的人組成的單一群體。然而，遺傳研究表明，它們位於東亞相關群體和巴布亞相關群體之間的一條直線上，表明它們由幾個獨立的群體組成，並顯示出遺傳異質性。他們在很大程度上被南島人取代或吸收，或在地理上孤立的地區形成少數民族^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]。

歷史上，他們與當地居民進行貿易，但也經常成為奴隸制的受害者，同時也向公元 724 年以來的東南亞當地統治者和王國朝貢。

詞源

Negrito源自於西班牙語或葡萄牙語，為黑人的小稱詞，即「小黑人」。因為歐洲航海者第一次看到矮黑人時認為他們的祖先是從非洲來的。然而，這個看法已被人類學者所拋棄，因為除了深色皮膚和鬈髮外，尼格利陀人與非洲人其實沒有太多相似之處^[8]。

特徵

現代安達曼家庭。

成年男性平均身高約153.6公分，女性約142.7公分（馬來西亞的塞芒人^[9]），是世界上最矮的民族之一。皮膚為暗褐色至黑色。虹膜為暗褐色。毛髮短而捲；頭髮為暗褐的黑色。深色皮膚、捲曲的頭髮和「亞洲人」（蒙古人種）面部和顱骨特徵是多樣化的內格里托部落的特徵^[10]。

起源

基於歐亞人口計算的 PCA，包括 Negrito 樣本。古代和現代的內格里托斯人位於東亞人和巴布亞人之間，沒有形成一個單一的人口群體。^[11]

PCA 計算了現代和古代東亞人和澳大利亞-美拉尼西亞人。PC1 (23.8%) 區分東亞人和澳大利亞-美拉尼西亞人，而 PC2 (6.3%) 區分東亞人沿北向南傾斜。 Negrito樣本位於南東亞群體和巴布亞人之間的一條斜坡上。發現南蘇拉威西島的全新世狩獵採集者樣本 (Leang Panninge) 具有大約50%的基礎東亞血統和50%的巴布亞血統。^[11]

（Negrito）矮黑人和大洋洲人與東亞人的關係最密切，其次是美洲原住民。

一些研究表明，每個群體都應單獨考慮，因為遺傳證據駁斥了安達曼群島、馬來半島和菲律賓的「內格里托」群體之間特定共享血統的概念^[12]。事實上，這種觀點在2013年一項工作中得到了回應，該工作得出的結論是，歸類為尼格利陀人的部落彼此之間沒有最近的共同祖先。^[13]。最近的幾項研究，如Larena等人和卡爾霍夫等人。2021年，發現被歸類為尼格利陀人的各種群體存在於東亞人和巴布亞人之間。

安達曼人被發現主要是「基本東亞血統」，與當代東亞人最接近，包括古代東亞樣本，如中國北方的天元人，同時與澳大利亞人明顯不同。據估計，與東亞有關的人群和澳大拉西亞人（如巴布亞人）在公元前 58,000 年彼此分裂^[14]^[5]^[15]^[16]。

文化

在森林中進行單純的採集和狩獵。菲律賓的矮黑人能使用火，安達曼群島的則不能。馬來西亞的塞芒人（Semang）有使用樹皮製衣的記錄，生活在山洞或以樹葉蓋住的居所。

現況

安達曼群島

安達曼群島原住民

目前有4族：大安達曼人（Strait Island）、加洛瓦人、翁奇人和桑提內爾人。

安達曼群島上的矮黑人與世隔絕，拒絕與外界接觸。其中桑提內爾人的身高較其他地方的矮黑人高，平均身高約160-165公分高，不符合矮人的定義（矮於150公分）。目前估計只有少於1000人仍然生存。加洛瓦族人口250-400人。

馬來西亞

塞芒人

塞芒（Semang）在馬來語是負債的奴隸。馬來亞的矮黑人，分佈於馬來半島的中央山地，被認為是馬來半島最早的住民，根據其墓葬可追溯到1萬年前。總人口估計約2000人。

菲律賓

兩個安達曼群島原住民，1875年

菲律賓的矮黑人僅占總人口的0.003%。

阿埃塔人

主要分佈於呂宋島的三描禮士省和呂宋東、南部的山區。

阿提族

分佈於菲律賓的班乃島。

泰國

馬尼人

分佈於泰國南部接近馬來西亞的邊界。當地在1975年到1977年是泰國政府軍和馬來亞共產黨遊擊隊的戰場，當地的原住民也遭到相當程度的波及。總人口估計約300人，其語言Tonga可能已經失傳。

參見

參考文獻

^ "DNA Study Yields Clues on Early Human's First Migration" New York Times, May 13, 2005 p. A7
^ S. Noerwidi, "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java", in: Philip J. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura, David Bulbeck (eds.), New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory (2017), p. 92.
^ Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Endicott, Phillip. The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia. Human Biology. 2013-11-27, 85 (1) [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0018-7143. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-28）.
^ Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roy, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2016-02-09, 113 (6): 1594–1599 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4760789  . PMID 26811443. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-06）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul. Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2021-03-30, 118 (13): e2026132118 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8020671  . PMID 33753512. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-05）.
^ Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran. Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea. Nature. 2021-08, 596 (7873): 543–547 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-26）（英語）.
^ Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Africa, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya."
^ Liu, James J.Y. The Chinese Knight Errant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967 (ISBN 0-226-48688-5)
^ Fix, Alan G. Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli. American Anthropologist. 1995-06, 97 (2): 313–323. doi:10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090 （英語）.
^ David Bulbeck; Pathmanathan Raghavan; Daniel Rayner (2006), "Races of Homo sapiens: if not in the southwest Pacific, then nowhere", World Archaeology, 38 (1): 109–132, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.534.3176, doi:10.1080/00438240600564987, ISSN 0043-8243, JSTOR 40023598, S2CID 84991420
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Larena, Maximilian; McKenna, James; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Bernhardsson, Carolina; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul. Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world. Current Biology. 2021-10-11, 31 (19): 4219–4230.e10. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34388371. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 （英語）.
^ Catherine Hill; Pedro Soares; Maru Mormina; Vincent Macaulay; William Meehan; James Blackburn; Douglas Clarke; Joseph Maripa Raja; Patimah Ismail; David Bulbeck; Stephen Oppenheimer; Martin Richards (2006), "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians" (PDF), Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23 (12): 2480–91, doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124, PMID 16982817, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008
^ Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Endicott, Phillip (1 February 2013). "The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 153–172. doi:10.3378/027.085.0307. ISSN 1534-6617. PMID 24297224. S2CID 7774927.
^ Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran. Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea. Nature. 2021, 596 (7873): 543–547 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8387238  . PMID 34433944. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-03）.
^ Larena, Maximilian; McKenna, James; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Bernhardsson, Carolina; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul. Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world. Current Biology. 2021-10-11, 31 (19): 4219–4230.e10 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 8596304  . PMID 34388371. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-14）.
^ Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Afri, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya."

本條目包含來自公有領域出版物的文本: Chisholm, Hugh (編). Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911.

外部連結

[1] "DNA Study Yields Clues on Early Human's First Migration" New York Times, May 13, 2005 p. A7

[2] S. Noerwidi, "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java", in: Philip J. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura, David Bulbeck (eds.), New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory (2017), p. 92.

[3] Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Endicott, Phillip. The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia. Human Biology. 2013-11-27, 85 (1) [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0018-7143. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-28）.

[4] Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roy, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2016-02-09, 113 (6): 1594–1599 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4760789  . PMID 26811443. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-06）.

[#1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul. Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2021-03-30, 118 (13): e2026132118 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8020671  . PMID 33753512. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-05）.

[6] Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran. Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea. Nature. 2021-08, 596 (7873): 543–547 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-26）（英語）.

[7] Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Africa, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya."

[liu-8] Liu, James J.Y. The Chinese Knight Errant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967 (ISBN 0-226-48688-5)

[Fix-9] Fix, Alan G. Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli. American Anthropologist. 1995-06, 97 (2): 313–323. doi:10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090 （英語）.

[10] David Bulbeck; Pathmanathan Raghavan; Daniel Rayner (2006), "Races of Homo sapiens: if not in the southwest Pacific, then nowhere", World Archaeology, 38 (1): 109–132, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.534.3176, doi:10.1080/00438240600564987, ISSN 0043-8243, JSTOR 40023598, S2CID 84991420

[#2-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Larena, Maximilian; McKenna, James; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Bernhardsson, Carolina; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul. Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world. Current Biology. 2021-10-11, 31 (19): 4219–4230.e10. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34388371. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 （英語）.

[12] Catherine Hill; Pedro Soares; Maru Mormina; Vincent Macaulay; William Meehan; James Blackburn; Douglas Clarke; Joseph Maripa Raja; Patimah Ismail; David Bulbeck; Stephen Oppenheimer; Martin Richards (2006), "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians" (PDF), Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23 (12): 2480–91, doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124, PMID 16982817, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008

[13] Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Endicott, Phillip (1 February 2013). "The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 153–172. doi:10.3378/027.085.0307. ISSN 1534-6617. PMID 24297224. S2CID 7774927.

[14] Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran. Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea. Nature. 2021, 596 (7873): 543–547 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8387238  . PMID 34433944. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-03）.

[15] Larena, Maximilian; McKenna, James; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Bernhardsson, Carolina; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul. Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world. Current Biology. 2021-10-11, 31 (19): 4219–4230.e10 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 8596304  . PMID 34388371. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-14）.

[16] Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Afri, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya."

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