發射場
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 (2019年9月12日) |
發射場(英語:launch site),又稱太空港(英語:spaceport)等,是發射或接收航天器的場所,類似於船舶的海港或飛機的機場。太空港一詞傳統上被用來指能夠將航天器發射到地球軌道或行星際軌道上的場所。 然而,純粹用於亞軌道飛行的火箭發射場有時被稱為太空港,因為近年來新的和擬議的載人亞軌道飛行場經常被提及或命名為「太空港」。 空間站和擬議的未來月球基地有時被稱為太空港,特別是如果打算作為進一步旅行的基地的話。
The term rocket launch site is used for any facility from which rockets are launched. It may contain one or more launch pads or suitable sites to mount a transportable launch pad. It is typically surrounded by a large safety area, often called a rocket range or missile range. The range includes the area over which launched rockets are expected to fly, and within which some components of the rockets may land. Tracking stations are sometimes located in the range to assess the progress of the launches.[1]
Major spaceports often include more than one launch complex, which can be rocket launch sites adapted for different types of launch vehicles. (These sites can be well-separated for safety reasons.) For launch vehicles with liquid propellant, suitable storage facilities and, in some cases, production facilities are necessary. On-site processing facilities for solid propellants are also common.
A spaceport may also include runways for takeoff and landing of aircraft to support spaceport operations, or to enable support of HTHL or horizontal takeoff and vertical landing (HTVL) winged launch vehicles.
History
編輯The age of crewed rocket flight was initiated by Fritz von Opel who piloted the world's first rocket-propelled flight on 30 September 1929; von Opel was the co-designer and financier of the visionary project which led to actual space flights.
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg)
The first rockets to reach space were V-2 rockets launched from Peenemünde, Germany in 1944 during World War II.[2] After the war, 70 complete V-2 rockets were brought to White Sands for test launches, with 47 of them reaching altitudes between 100 km and 213 km.[3]
The world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches, the Baikonur Cosmodrome in southern Kazakhstan, started as a Soviet military rocket range in 1955. It achieved the first orbital flight (Sputnik 1) in October 1957. The exact location of the cosmodrome was initially held secret. Guesses to its location were misdirected by a name in common with a mining town 320 km away. The position became known in 1957 outside the Soviet Union only after U-2 planes had identified the site by following railway lines in the Kazakh SSR, although Soviet authorities did not confirm the location for decades.[4]
The Baikonur Cosmodrome achieved the first launch of a human into space (Yuri Gagarin) in 1961. The launch complex used, Site 1, has reached a special symbolic significance and is commonly called Gagarin's Start. Baikonur was the primary Soviet cosmodrome, and is still frequently used by Russia under a lease arrangement with Kazakhstan.
In response to the early Soviet successes, the United States built up a major spaceport complex at Cape Canaveral in Florida. A large number of uncrewed flights, as well as the early human flights, were carried out at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. For the Apollo programme, an adjacent spaceport, Kennedy Space Center, was constructed, and achieved the first crewed mission to the lunar surface (Apollo 11) in July 1969. It was the base for all Space Shuttle launches and most of their runway landings. For details on the launch complexes of the two spaceports, see List of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites.
The Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, is the major European spaceport, with satellite launches that benefit from the location 5 degrees north of the equator.
In October 2003 the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center achieved the first Chinese human spaceflight.
Breaking with tradition, in June 2004 on a runway at Mojave Air and Space Port, California, a human was for the first time launched to space in a privately funded, suborbital spaceflight, that was intended to pave the way for future commercial spaceflights. The spacecraft, SpaceShipOne, was launched by a carrier airplane taking off horizontally.
At Cape Canaveral, SpaceX in 2015 made the first successful landing and recovery of a first stage used in a vertical satellite launch.[5]
Location
編輯Rockets can most easily reach satellite orbits if launched near the equator in an easterly direction, as this maximizes use of the Earth's rotational speed (465 m/s at the equator). Such launches also provide a desirable orientation for arriving at a geostationary orbit. For polar orbits and Molniya orbits this does not apply.
In principle, advantages of high altitude launch are reduced vertical distance to travel and a thinner atmosphere for the rocket to penetrate. However, altitude of the launch site is not a driving factor in spaceport placement because most of the delta-v for a launch is spent on achieving the required horizontal orbital speed. The small gain from a few kilometers of extra altitude does not usually off-set the logistical costs of ground transport in mountainous terrain.
Many spaceports have been placed at existing military installations, such as intercontinental ballistic missile ranges, which are not always physically ideal sites for launch.
A rocket launch site is built as far as possible away from major population centers in order to mitigate risk to bystanders should a rocket experience a catastrophic failure. In many cases a launch site is built close to major bodies of water to ensure that no components are shed over populated areas. Typically a spaceport site is large enough that, should a vehicle explode, it will not endanger human lives or adjacent launch pads.[6]
Planned sites of spaceports for sub-orbital tourist spaceflight often make use of existing ground infrastructure, including runways. The nature of the local view from 100 km(62 mi) altitude is also a factor to consider.
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Active_spaceports.png/550px-Active_spaceports.png)
Space tourism
編輯The space tourism industry (see List of private spaceflight companies) is being targeted by spaceports in numerous locations worldwide. e.g. Spaceport America, New Mexico.
The establishment of spaceports for tourist trips raises legal issues, which are only beginning to be addressed.[7][8]
With achieved vertical launches of humans
編輯The following is a table of spaceports and launch complexes for vertical launchers with documented achieved launches of humans to space (more than 100 km(62 mi) altitude). The sorting order is spaceport by spaceport according to the time of the first human launch.
† Three of the Soyuz missions were uncrewed and are not counted (Soyuz 2, Soyuz 20, Soyuz 34).
‡ STS-51-L (Challenger) failed to reach orbit and is not counted. STS-107 (Columbia) reached orbit and is therefore included in the count (disaster struck on re-entry).
Crewed Missions failed to reach Kármán line:
Soyuz T-10a (1983)
STS-51-L (1986)
Soyuz MS-10 (2018)
With achieved satellite launches
編輯The following is a table of spaceports with a documented achieved launch to orbit. The table is sorted according to the time of the first launch that achieved satellite orbit insertion. The first column gives the geographical location. Operations from a different country are indicated in the fourth column. A launch is counted as one also in cases where the payload consists of multiple satellites.
Spaceport | Location | Years (orbital) |
Launches to orbit or inter- planetary |
Launch vehicles (operators) |
Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Kazakhstan | 1957– | >1,000 | R-7/Soyuz, Kosmos, Proton, Tsyklon, Zenit, Energia, Dnepr, N1, Rokot, Strela | [來源請求] |
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United States | 1958– | >400 | Delta, Scout, Atlas, Titan, Saturn, Athena, Falcon 9, Minotaur IV, Vanguard, Juno, Thor | [來源請求] |
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United States | 1959– | >700 | Delta, Scout, Atlas, Titan, Taurus, Athena, Minotaur, Falcon 9, Thor, Firefly Alpha | [12] |
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United States | 1961–1985 | 19 | Scout | 6[13]+13[13] |
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Russia | 1962–2008 | 85 | Kosmos | [14][來源請求] |
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Algeria | 1965–1967 | 4 | Diamant A (France) | Diamant |
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Russia | 1966– | >1,500 | R-7/Soyuz, Kosmos, Tsyklon-3, Rokot, Angara, Start | [16] |
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Kenya | 1967–1988 | 9 | Scout (ASI and Sapienza, Italy) | Broglio |
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United States | 1967– | 187 | 17 Saturn, 135 Space Shuttle, 63 Falcon 9, 10 Falcon Heavy, 1 SLS | Saturn, STS, F9 |
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Australia | 1967, 1971 | 2 | Redstone (WRESAT), Black Arrow (UK Prospero X-3), Europa | WRESAT, X-3 |
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Japan | 1970– | 31 | 27 Mu, 3 Epsilon, 1 SS-520-5 | [13] M, ε, S |
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France | 1970– | 318 | 7 Diamant, 227 Ariane, 16 Soyuz-2, 11 Vega | see 4 rockets |
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China | 1970– | 121 | 2 LM1, 3 LM2A, 20 LM2C, 36 LM2D, 13 LM2F, 3 LM4B, 5 LM4C, 3 LM11 | See 8 rockets |
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Japan | 1975– | 65 | 6 N-I, 8 N-II, 9 H-I, 6 H-II, 36 H-IIA | see 5 rockets |
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India | 1979– | 91 | 4 SLV, 4 ASLV, 59 PSLV, 15 GSLV, 7 LVM3, 2 SSLV | List SDSC |
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China | 1984– | 183 | Long March: 6 LM2C, 5 LM2E, 11 LM3, 25 LM3A, 42 LM3B, 15 LM3C | See 6 rockets |
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China | 1988– | 62 | Long March: 16 LM2C, 2 LM2D, 2 LM4A, 25 LM4B, 15 LM4C, 2 LM6 | See 6 rockets |
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Israel | 1988– | 8 | Shavit | Shavit |
Various airport runways (B-52, Stargazer) | Various | 1990– | 39 | Pegasus (Orbital Sciences Corporation) | Pegasus |
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Russia | 1997–2006 | 5 | Start-1 | [20] |
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Barents Sea | 1998, 2006 | 2 | Shtil' (Russia), Volna-O | Shtil' |
Odyssey mobile platform, Pacific Ocean | Pacific Ocean | 1999–2014 | 32 | Zenit-3SL (Sea Launch) | Sea Launch |
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United States | 2001– | 3 | 1 Athena, 2 Minotaur IV | Kodiak |
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Russia | 2006– | 10 | Dnepr | Dnepr |
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United States | 2006– | 12 | 5 Minotaur I, 6 Antares, 1 Minotaur V | MARS |
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Marshall Islands | 2008–2009 | 5 | 5 Falcon 1 (US) | Falcon 1 |
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Iran | 2009– | 5 | Safir, Simorgh, Zuljanah | Safir |
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North Korea | 2012– | 2 | Unha-3 | K3-U2[26] |
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South Korea | 2013– | 2 | Naro-1, Nuri | Naro-1,Nuri |
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Russia | 2016– | 8 | 8 Soyuz-2 | Vostochny |
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China | 2016– | 23 | Long March: 9 LM5, 12 LM7, 2 LM8 | See 3 rockets |
![]() ![]() New Zealand |
New Zealand | 2018– | 21 | 21 Electron | Electron (rocket) |
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Yellow sea, East China sea | 2019– | 6 | 4 Long March 11, 1 SD3, 1 CERES-1 | See 3 rockets |
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Iran | 2020– | 4 | 3 Qased, 2 Qaem 100 | [28][29] |
With achieved horizontal launches of humans to 100 km
編輯The following table shows spaceports with documented achieved launches of humans to at least 100 km altitude, starting from a horizontal runway. All the flights were sub-orbital.
Spaceport | Carrier aircraft | Spacecraft | Flights above 100 km | Years |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() California, United States |
B-52 | X-15 | 2 flights (# 90-91) | 1963 |
![]() California, United States |
White Knight | SpaceShipOne | 3 flights (# 15P-17P) | 2004 |
Beyond Earth
編輯Spaceports have been proposed for locations on the Moon, Mars, orbiting the Earth, at Sun-Earth and Earth-Moon Lagrange points, and at other locations in the Solar System. Human-tended outposts on the Moon or Mars, for example, will be spaceports by definition.[30] The 2012 Space Studies Program of the International Space University studied the economic benefit of a network of spaceports throughout the solar system beginning from Earth and expanding outwardly in phases, within its team project Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space (OASIS).[31] Its analysis claimed that the first phase, placing the "Node 1" spaceport with space tug services in low Earth orbit (LEO), would be commercially profitable and reduce transportation costs to geosynchronous orbit by as much as 44% (depending on the launch vehicle). The second phase would add a Node 2 spaceport on the lunar surface to provide services including lunar ice mining and delivery of rocket propellants back to Node 1. This would enable lunar surface activities and further reduce transportation costs within and out from cislunar space. The third phase would add a Node 3 spaceport on the Martian moon Phobos to enable refueling and resupply prior to Mars surface landings, missions beyond Mars, and return trips to Earth. In addition to propellant mining and refueling, the network of spaceports could provide services such as power storage and distribution, in-space assembly and repair of spacecraft, communications relay, shelter, construction and leasing of infrastructure, maintaining spacecraft positioned for future use, and logistics.[32]
參見
編輯參考文獻
編輯- ^ Merritt Island Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network station
- ^ Dyson, Marianne J. Space and astronomy: decade by decade. Infobase Publishing. 2007: 95. ISBN 978-0-8160-5536-4.
- ^ Ernst Stuhlinger, Enabling technology for space transportation (The Century of Space Science, page 66, Kluwer, ISBN 0-7923-7196-8)
- ^ Baikonur Cosmodrome (NIIP-5/GIK-5). www.russianspaceweb.com. [24 December 2010]. (原始內容存檔於8 February 2003).
- ^ Grush, Loren. SpaceX successfully landed its Falcon 9 rocket after launching it to space. The Verge. December 21, 2015 [April 9, 2016]. (原始內容存檔於28 June 2017).
- ^ Overlookpress.com. www.overlookpress.com. (原始內容存檔於13 January 2018).
- ^ Londin, Jesse. Space Law Probe: Virginia Leads The Way. blogspot.com. 9 February 2007 [28 April 2007]. (原始內容存檔於22 August 2017).
- ^ Boyle, Alan. Regulators OK Oklahoma spaceport - Suborbital test flights could begin in 2007, setting stage for tourists. NBC News. 13 June 2006 [26 June 2006]. (原始內容存檔於30 April 2013).
- ^ Baikonur. www.astronautix.com. (原始內容存檔於7 February 2002).
- ^ Vandenberg. www.astronautix.com. (原始內容存檔於8 February 2002).
- ^ Howell, Elizabeth. Vandenberg: West Coast Launch Site. Space.com. 22 September 2016 [1 October 2021]. (原始內容存檔於15 June 2018).
- ^ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 Wallops Island. www.astronautix.com. [23 April 2022]. (原始內容存檔於3 March 2022).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Kapustin Yar. www.astronautix.com. (原始內容存檔於4 November 2007).
- ^ Hammaguira. www.astronautix.com. (原始內容存檔於5 May 2002).
- ^ 16.0 16.1 Plesetsk. www.astronautix.com. (原始內容存檔於29 December 2007).
- ^ Arianespace - Launch program activity. [26 May 2009]. (原始內容存檔於9 February 2014).
- ^ Xichang. www.astronautix.com. (原始內容存檔於29 January 2005).
- ^ Taiyuan. www.astronautix.com. (原始內容存檔於28 December 2016).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Svobodniy. www.astronautix.com. (原始內容存檔於2 August 2002).
- ^ Kodiak. www.astronautix.com. (原始內容存檔於7 July 2009).
- ^ Kodiak Readies for Quick Launch, Aviation Week, April 2010, accessed 26 April 2010. "Alaska's remote Kodiak Launch Complex is state-of-the-art, has a perfect mission record, and will soon be able to launch a satellite-carrying rocket within 24 hours of mission go-ahead."
- ^ Dombarovskiy. www.astronautix.com. (原始內容存檔於18 June 2008).
- ^ Welcome to Virginia Space. www.vaspace.org. [1 October 2021]. (原始內容存檔於14 August 2021).
- ^ Imam Khomeini Space Center | Facilities. NTI. [2017-11-30]. (原始內容存檔於5 July 2017).
- ^ North Korea says it successfully launched controversial satellite into orbit. MSNBC. 12 December 2012. (原始內容存檔於13 December 2012).
- ^ news.xinhuanet.com. (原始內容存檔於4 February 2013).
- ^ Iran's first space launch center near Shahrud for its Ghaem SLV project. www.b14643.de. [2022-06-06]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-04).
- ^ Hinz, Fabian. IRAN'S SOLID-PROPELLANT SLV PROGRAM IS ALIVE AND KICKING. [2024-01-15]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-18).
- ^ [Mendell, Wendell W. Lunar bases and space activities of the 21st century. Lunar and Planetary Institute. 1985. ISBN 0-942862-02-3.]
- ^ http://www.oasisnext.com/ 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期24 December 2014., OASIS official website
- ^ OASIS Executive Summary Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space. [7 December 2012]. (原始內容存檔於25 January 2014).