北方真獸高目
有胎盘类哺乳动物的一大演化支
北方真獸高目〔拉丁名：Boreoeutheria，來自古希臘文「Βορέας」（拉丁轉寫：Boreas；原指希臘神話中的北風之神玻瑞阿斯，借指北方）＋「εὐ-」（eu；好的，真正的）＋「θηρίον」（thēríon；野獸）〕，通稱北方獸類[5]，是有胎盤類哺乳動物的一大演化支，由勞亞獸總目和真魁獸齧型總目這一對姐妹群組成，其單系起源已經得到DNA序列分析和反轉錄轉座子數據的充分支持[6]。
北方真獸高目 | |
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科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 哺乳綱 Mammalia |
| 亞綱： | 獸亞綱 Theria |
| 下綱： | 真獸下綱 Eutheria |
| 演化支： | 有胎盤類 Placentalia |
| 高目： | 北方真獸高目 Boreoeutheria Springer & de Jong, 2001[2] |
| 總目 | |
| 異名 | |
北方真獸高目最早的化石紀錄可追溯至6500萬年前的早古新世，即白堊紀–古近紀滅絕事件後不久，而分子數據表明牠們可能源自更早的白堊紀時期[7]，發源地被認為是北半球的勞亞古大陸（北方真獸高目之外的另兩類胎盤動物——非洲獸總目和異關節總目，則被認為分別起源於非洲和南美洲，此二洲係由南半球的岡瓦納古大陸分裂而成）[8][5]。
大部分雄性北方獸類都長有陰囊[9][註 1]，勞亞獸總目下的分支有陰囊類（Scrotifera）便以該特徵命名[11]。
系統發生
編輯21世紀以來，學界根據各類胎盤動物的線粒體DNA、核DNA、蛋白質特徵及化石紀錄，推定牠們之間的分化關係如下[註 2]，其中勞亞獸總目和真魁獸齧型總目（也作靈長總目 Supraprimates[12]）共同組成了北方真獸高目。[3][7][13][14][15]
| 胎盤類 |
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| Placentalia |
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下級分類
編輯注釋
編輯參考文獻
編輯引文列表
- ^ Zhou, Xuming; Xu, Shixia; Xu, Junxiao; Chen, Bingyao; Zhou, Kaiya & Yang, Guang. Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals. Systematic Biology. 2012, 61 (1): 150–164. ISSN 1063-5157. PMC 3243735
. PMID 21900649. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089 .
- ^ Springer, Mark S. & de Jong, Wilfried W. Which Mammalian Supertree to Bark Up?. Science. 2001, 291 (5509): 1709–1711. doi:10.1126/science.1059434.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Waddell, Peter J.; Kishino, Hirohisa & Ota, Rissa. A Phylogenetic Foundation for Comparative Mammalian Genomics (PDF). Genome Informatics. 2001, 12: 141–154 [2021-07-12]. PMID 11791233. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-12-23）.
- ^ Arnason, U.; Adegoke, J.A.; Gullberg, A.; Harley, E.H.; Janke, A. & Kullberg, M. Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences. Gene (Elsevier). 2008, 421 (1–2): 37–51. ISSN 1879-0038. PMID 18590805. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.05.024.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 周旭明; 楊光. 哺乳动物系统发育基因组学研究进展. 獸類學報. 2010, 30 (3): 339–345 [2021-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-13）.（簡體中文）
- ^ Kim, Jaebum; Farré, Marta; Auvil, Loretta; Capitanu, Boris; Larkin, Denis M.; Ma, Jian & Lewin, Harris A. Reconstruction and evolutionary history of eutherian chromosomes (PDF). PNAS. 2017, 114 (27): E5379–E5388 [2020-09-29]. doi:10.1073/pnas.1702012114 . （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-07-28）.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 O'Leary, M.A.; Bloch, J.I.; Flynn, J.J; et al. The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals. Science. 2013, 339 (6120): 662–667 [2021-07-12]. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O. PMID 23393258. S2CID 206544776. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. hdl:11336/7302 . （原始內容存檔於2021-01-13）.
- ^ Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S. & Okada, N. Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals (PDF). PNAS. 2009, 106 (13): 5235–5240 [2021-07-13]. PMC 2655268 . PMID 19286970. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809297106 . （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-07-13）.
- ^ Mills, D.S. & Marchant-Forde, Jeremy N. The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare. CABI. 2010: 293 [2019-06-20]. ISBN 978-0-85199-724-7.
- ^ Drew, Liam. Why are testicles kept in a vulnerable dangling sac?. slate.com. 2013-07-08 [2020-09-29]. （原始內容存檔於2013-07-09）.
- ^ Waddell, Peter J.; Cao, Ying; Hauf, Jöerg & Hasegawa, Masami. Using novel phylogenetic methods to evaluate mammalian mtDNA, including amino acid-invariant sites-LogDet plus site stripping, to detect internal conflicts in the data, with special reference to the positions of hedgehog, armadillo, and elephant. Systematic Biology. 1999, 48 (1): 31–53. PMID 12078643. doi:10.1080/106351599260427 .
- ^ Kriegs, Jan Ole; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Jürgen & Schmitz, Jürgen. Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals. PLOS Biology. 2006, 4 (4): e91. PMC 1395351 . PMID 16515367. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091 .
- ^ Foley, Nicole M.; Springer, Mark S. & Teeling, Emma C. Mammal madness: Is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2016, 371 (1699): 20150140. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4920340 . PMID 27325836. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0140 .
- ^ Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Swanson, Mark T. & Faircloth, Brant C. Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2017, 9 (9): 2308–2321. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 5604124 . PMID 28934378. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx168 .
- ^ Zachos, Frank. Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances. Hackländer, K. & Zachos, F (編). Mammals of Europe - Past, Present, and Future. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 2020: 31–48. ISBN 978-3-030-00282-4.（德文）
其他文獻
- Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; Springer, Mark S.; et al. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science. 2001, 294 (5550): 2348–2351. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2348M. PMID 11743200. doi:10.1126/science.1067179.
- Blanchette, M.; Green, E.D.; Miller, W. & Haussler, D. Reconstructing large regions of an ancestral mammalian genome in silico. Genome Research. 2004, 14 (12): 2412–2423. PMC 534665 . PMID 15574820. doi:10.1101/gr.2800104 .
- Ma, J.; Zhang, L.; Suh, B.B.; Raney, B.J.; Burhans, R.C.; Kent, W.J.; Blanchette, M.; Haussler, D. & Miller, W. Reconstructing contiguous regions of an ancestral genome. Genome Research. 2006, 16 (12): 1557–1565. PMC 1665639 . PMID 16983148. doi:10.1101/gr.5383506 .
- Gross, Liza. Resolving the Family Tree of Placental Mammals. PLOS Biology. 2006, 4 (4): e111. PMC 1395350 . PMID 20076552. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040111 .
- Olson, Steve. Bringing back the brontosaurus. Wired. 2006-04 [2021-06-10]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-20）.
