蛛緣蝽科
蛛緣蝽科（學名：Alydidae），又名蛛緣椿象科，是半翅目緣蝽總科下的一個科。本科物種與緣蝽科物種有着密切關係。現時本科包括有至少50個屬、 290個物種。
蛛緣蝽科
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| Alydus calcaratus | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 目： | 半翅目 Hemiptera |
| 亞目： | 異翅亞目 Heteroptera |
| 下目： | 椿象下目 Pentatomomorpha |
| 總科： | 緣蝽總科 Coreoidea |
| 科： | 蛛緣蝽科 Alydidae Amyot & Serville, 1843 |
| 亞科 | |
| 異名 | |
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分佈於溫帶及地區上較溫暖的地區，本科物種主要為熱帶及亞熱帶昆蟲。舉例說：在歐洲本科有10個屬的物種，當中只有2個屬有在較溫暖的地中海區域以外出現。
型態描述
編輯
Broad-headed bugs[1] are up to 10—12毫米（0.4—0.5英寸） long, and have slender bodies. Some have long and very thin legs. The most notable characteristics of the family are that the head is broad, often similar in length and width to the 前胸 (昆蟲) and the scutellum (entomology), and that the last 觸角 segments are elongated and curved. The 複眼s are globular and protruding, and they also have ocelli. The 腿 (節肢動物) of the hindlegs bear several strong spines; the tarsus has three segments. Most species have well-developed 翅鞘 (forewings), allowing them to fly well, but in some the hemelytra are vestigial. The membranous part of the hemelytra have several closely spaced long veins.
Alydidae are generally of dusky or blackish coloration. The upperside of the 腹 is usually bright orange-red. this color patch is normally not visible as it is covered by the wings; it can be exposed, perhaps to warn would-be 捕食s of these animals' noxiousness: They frequently have scent glands that produce a stink considered to be worse than that of true stink bugs (蝽科). The stink is said to smell similar to a bad case of 口臭.
Sometimes the adults have reduced wings. Both, nymphs and adults of some species, such as Dulichius inflatus and Hyalymenus spp. are 擬蟻現象s and live in ant nests.[2]
棲息地與生態
編輯這些昆蟲主要棲息於相當乾旱的沙質棲息地，見於海濱、石楠荒原、乾草原和疏林草原。牠們的主要以植物的種子為食：牠們會用其長鼻刺穿種子，以飲用其中所含的營養液。部分物種在經濟上是重要的害蟲，例如水稻上的Leptocorisa oratoria。
分類
編輯本科物種為單源群[3]，可分為三條自然的家系。這三條家系原來對應本科的三個族，分別如下[3]：
1965年，有兩份文獻對這分類作出不同的修訂：
- Ahmad (1965) [4]將三個族都提升至亞科級，分別為[3][4][5]：
- 而Schaefer (1965)的提議將本科物種只分為兩個亞科[6]：
- 蛛緣蝽亞科不變；
- 稻緣蝽族（Leptocorisini）與微翅緣蝽族（Micrelytrini）合組成為微緣蝽亞科。
中國昆蟲學家李新正和鄭樂怡於1993年發表研究，對蛛緣蝽科各個亞群合共16個代表屬作比較形態學研究，結論認同Schaefer (1965)的分類建議才符合研究結果[3]。其後，Schaefer (1999)[7]再完善整個分類。不過，Ahmad (1965)的分類仍然有文獻在使用。
屬
編輯綜合多個昆蟲數據庫的資料，現時本科包括有59個屬，分為多個亞科和族[8]，分別如下：
- 蛛緣蝽亞科 Alydinae Amyot & Serville, 1843
- 蛛緣蝽屬 Alydus Fabricius, 1803 i c g b
- Apidaurus Stål, 1870
- Burtinus Stål, 1860
- Camptopus Amyot & Serville, 1843
- 蛛蝽屬 Daclera Signoret, 1863 c g t
- Euthetus Dallas, 1852
- Hamedius Stål, 1860
- Heegeria Reuter, 1881
- Hyalymenus Amyot & Serville, 1843
- Hypselopus Burmeister, 1835
- Megalotomus Fieber, 1860
- Melanacanthus Stål, 1873
- Mirperus Stål, 1860
- Nariscus Stål, 1866
- Nemausus Stål, 1866
- Neomegalotomus Schaffner & Schaefer, 1998
- Oxycranum Bergroth, 1910
- 蜂緣蝽屬 Riptortus Stål, 1860 c g t
- Robustocephalus Ahmad, Abbas, Shadab & Khan, 1979
- Stachyocnemus Stål, 1870
- Tenosius Stål, 1860
- Tollius Stål, 1870
- Tupalus Stål, 1860
- Zulubius Bergroth, 1894
- 微緣蝽亞科 Micrelytrinae
- 稻緣蝽族（Leptocorisini）
- Bloeteocoris Ahmad, 1965
- Grypocephalus Hsiao, 1963
- 稻緣蝽屬 Leptocorisa Latreille, 1829
- Mutusca Stål, 1866
- Stenocoris Burmeister, 1839
- 微翅緣蝽族（Micrelytrini）
- Acestra Dallas, 1852 c g
- Anacestra Hsiao, 1964
- Bactrocoris Kormilev, 1953
- Bactrodosoma Stål, 1860
- Bactrophya Breddin, 1901
- Bactrophyamixia Brailovsky, 1991
- Calamocoris Breddin, 1901
- Cydamus Stål, 1860[5]
- Darmistus Stål, 1860[5]
- Dulichius Stål, 1866
- Esperanza Barber, 1906[5]
- Eudarmistus Breddin, 1903
- Longicoris Ahmad, 1968
- Marcius Stål, 1865
- 微翅緣蝽屬 Micrelytra Laporte, 1833 c g
- Paramarcius Hsiao, 1964
- Paraplesius Scott, 1874
- Protenor Stål, 1868[5]
- Rimadarmistus Bliven, 1956[5]：只見於ITIS，其物種在其他數據庫被認為是Darmistus subvittatus Stål, 1860的異名。
- Slateria Ahmad, 1965 c g
- Stachyolobus Stål, 1871
- Trachelium Herrich-Schäffer, 1850
- Tuberculiformia Ahmad, 1967
- Noliphini族 Ahmad, 1965
- Cosmoleptus Stål, 1873
- Lyrnessus Stål, 1862
- Noliphus Stål, 1859
- Orthriocorisa Scudder, 1890 †
- 稻緣蝽族（Leptocorisini）
數據來源：
- i = ITIS[5]
- c = Catalogue of Life[9]
- g = GBIF[10]
- b = Bugguide.net[11]
- t = TaiBIF[12]
參考文獻
編輯- ^ 饒戈; 葉朝霞. 香港蝽類昆蟲圖鑑 第一版. 香港昆蟲學會. 2012: 166. ISBN 978-988-17797-7-9 （中文（繁體））.
- ^ Oliveira PO. On the mimetic association between nymphs of Hyalymenus spp. (Hemiptera: Alydidae) and ants. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1985, 83 (4): 371–384. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01182.x.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 李新正; 鄭樂怡. 蛛缘蝽科系统发育初探(半翅目:缘蝽总科). 《動物分類學報》. 1993-01-01, 18 (3): 330–343 [2018-10-12]. ISSN 1000-0739. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-12） （中文（簡體））.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Ahmad, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera: Alydidae) of the world. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 1965, 5 (Supplement): 1–156 （英語）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Alydidae. ITIS. [2018-04-23].
- ^ Schaefer, C.W. The morphology and higher classification of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Parts III. The families Rhopalidae, Alydidae, and Coreidae. Publications of the Entomological Society of America. 1965, 5: 1–76 （英語）.
- ^ Schaefer, Carl W. The higher classification of the Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 1999, 101 (1): 94–98 （英語）.
- ^ Australian Faunal Directory
- ^ Browse Alydidae. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2020 Annual Checklist.. Reading, UK: Species 2000. 2020 [2018-04-23] （英語）.
- ^ Alydidae. GBIF. Copenhagen, Denmark: GBIF Secretariat. [2018-04-23].
- ^ Alydidae Family Information. BugGuide.net. [2018-04-23]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-05）.
- ^ Alydidae 蛛緣蝽科. TaiBIF. [2018-10-12]. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-12） （中文（繁體））.
