生育力因數
生育因素指的是影響人們要生育多少孩子的決定性因素。
一般來說，生育率上升的直接因素是人們有意願打算生育孩子[1]，在現代社會中，能讓人們生育率上升的因素還有以下幾項，例如極高的性別平等、宗教信仰[2]、價值觀的代際傳遞、婚姻和戰爭、母親[3]和社會的支持、農村環境、政府出台措施扶持家庭、相對較低水平的教育程度[4]和農業的增長[5]。
與生育率下降的因素包括收入的增加[1]、價值觀和態度的改變[6]、教育水平的提高[7]、女性更多地參與勞動[8][9]、人口控制[10]、年齡[11]、生育控制、伴侶不願意生孩子或母親不願意生更多孩子、較低的性別平等水平、不孕不育[12]、污染[13]和肥胖[14]。
參考文獻
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research: La fécondité dans les sociétés avancées: un examen des recherches. European Journal of Population. February 2013, 29 (1): 1–38. PMC 3576563
. PMID 23440941. doi:10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y.
- ^ Religiosity and Fertility in the United States: The Role of Fertility Intentions. Social Forces; A Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation. 2008, 86 (3): 1163–1188. PMC 2723861 . PMID 19672317. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0000.
- ^ Wealth modifies relationships between kin and women's fertility in high-income countries. Behavioral Ecology. 2014, 25 (4): 834–842. ISSN 1045-2249. doi:10.1093/beheco/aru059.
- ^ Shatz, Steven M. IQ and fertility: A cross-national study. Intelligence. March 2008, 36 (2): 109–111. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.03.002.
- ^ Human population numbers as a function of food supply (PDF). Russel Hopfenburg, David Pimentel, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. [2021-04-30]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-09-26）.
- ^ The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Europe the continent with the lowest fertility (review). Human Reproduction Update. 2010, 16 (6): 590–602 [2021-04-30]. PMID 20603286. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq023. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-07）.
- ^ Pradhan, Elina. Female Education and Childbearing: A Closer Look at the Data. Investing in Health. 2015-11-24 [2019-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-28） （英語）.
- ^ 中国女性劳动参与率下降的新解释： 家庭结构变迁的视角* (PDF). [2021-04-30]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-04-30）.
- ^ Bloom, David; Canning, David; Fink, Günther; Finlay, Jocelyn. Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend. Journal of Economic Growth. 2009, 14 (2): 79–101. doi:10.1007/s10887-009-9039-9.
- ^ Feng, Wang; Yong, Cai; Gu, Baochang. Population, Policy, and Politics: How Will History Judge China's One-Child Policy? (PDF). Population and Development Review. 2012, 38: 115–29 [2021-04-30]. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00555.x. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-06-06）.
- ^ The variability of female reproductive ageing. Human Reproduction Update. 2002, 8 (2): 141–54. PMID 12099629. doi:10.1093/humupd/8.2.141.
- ^ ART fact sheet (July 2014). European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.
- ^ Exposure to air pollution seems to negatively affect women's fertility. [2021-04-30]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-14）.
- ^ Impact of obesity on infertility in women. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association. 1 June 2015, 16 (2): 111–7. PMC 4456969 . PMID 26097395. doi:10.5152/jtgga.2015.15232.
