美洲原住民語言
美洲原住民語言並不是一種語言,甚至也不是屬於一種語系,而是美洲所有原住民的各種語言的總稱。其中瑪雅語曾經有自己的文字系統。隨着15世紀末開始西方殖民主義者的到來,美洲原住民數量在幾百年的時間裡銳減,再加上文化的同化,大部分美洲原住民語言都已經滅絕,目前即使會說美洲土著語言的大部分人也是操雙語的人群。因為缺少研究材料,對美洲土著語言的研究很不足,目前對許多美洲土著語言的分類說法不一,尚不能把語系確定下來,只能暫時分為語組,大致有如下個語組,有幾百種以上的語言,有許多語言現在能流利的說的人不足幾十甚至幾個人,大部分已經滅絕。
根據UNESCO的說法,美洲的大多數土著語言都處於嚴重瀕危狀態,許多語言已經成為休眠語言(沒有母語使用者,但有一群遺產語言的使用者)或完全滅絕。大多數廣泛使用的土著語言是南部克丘亞語(主要在南秘魯和玻利維亞使用)和瓜拉尼語(以巴拉圭為中心,與西班牙語共同享有國家語言地位),大約有六七百萬使用者(在瓜拉尼語的情況下,包括許多歐洲血統的人)。只有6種其他語言的使用者超過一百萬;這些語言包括玻利維亞的艾馬拉語和墨西哥的納瓦特爾語,各有將近兩百萬使用者;危地馬拉和墨西哥的瑪雅語言克克其語、基切語和尤卡坦瑪雅語,大約各有一百萬使用者;可能還有一兩種在秘魯和厄瓜多爾的克丘亞語。在美國,根據2010年人口普查,有372,000人報告在家中使用一種土著語言。[1]在加拿大,根據2011年人口普查,有133,000人報告在家中使用一種土著語言。[2]在格陵蘭,約90%的人口講格陵蘭語,這是最廣泛使用的愛斯基摩語。
語系種類
編輯北美洲
編輯- 愛斯基摩-阿留申語系(Eskimo-Aleut)分布於北極地帶,包括:
- 蘇-卡塔巴語系(Siouan–Catawban)分布於北美大平原大部分:
- 卡多語系(Caddoan)分布於北美大平原,現今分布於北達科他南部與奧克拉荷馬
- 穆斯科吉語系(Muskogean)分布於美國東南部:
中美洲
編輯南美洲
編輯參考文獻
編輯引用
編輯- ^ Census Shows Native Languages Count. Language Magazine. [2020-08-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-10) (美國英語).
- ^ Population by Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Aboriginal language spoken on a regular basis at home, for Canada, provinces and territories. [May 18, 2020]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-25).
來源
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外部連結
編輯- Catálogo de línguas indígenas sul-americanas (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos
- Towards a general typology of South American indigenous languages. A bibliographical database
- South American Languages
- Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (SAIVUS)
- Indigenous Peoples Languages: Articles, News, Videos
- Documentation Center of the Linguistic Minorities of Panama
- The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
- Indigenous Language Institute (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (SSILA)
- Southern Oregon Digital Archives First Nations Tribal Collection (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (collection of ethnographic, linguistic, & historical material)
- Center for the Study of the Native Languages of the Plains and Southwest
- Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica
- Programa de Formación en Educación Intercultural Bilingüe para los Países Andinos (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Native American Language Center (University of California at Davis)
- Native Languages of the Americas (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- International Journal of American Linguistics (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Our Languages (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
- Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages