维基百科

Help:爱尔兰语国际音标

下列图表展示了國際音標（IPA）在维基百科条目中表示愛爾蘭語发音的方式。对于有关在维基百科条目中添加IPA字符的指南，请参见{{IPA-ga}}、{{IPAc-ga}}与Wikipedia:格式手册/音标 § Notes。

请参阅爱尔兰语音系以更全面地了解爱尔兰语的发音。

图表

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辅音[1]
宽辅音 窄辅音
IPA 示例 英语及其他语言中的近似发音 IPA 示例 英语中的近似发音
bˠ bain, scuab boot bʲ béal, cnáib beautiful
d̪ˠ dorn, nead do (但是为齿音), though (爱尔兰英语) dʲ dearg, cuid media
fˠ fós, graf, pholl fool fʲ fíon, stuif, phríosún fuel
ɡ gasúr, bog goose ɟ geata, carraig argue
ɣ dhorn, ghasúr 西班牙语 higo j[2] dhearg, gheata yellow
h[3] Shasana, shean, thaisce, theanga, hata, na héisc hand 不適用
k cáis, mac cart c ceist, mic cube
l̪ˠ[4] labhair, balla filth l̠ʲ[4] leabhair, goilleadh million
lˠ[4] fhlaith, bealach pool lʲ[4] fhleasc, goile leaf
mˠ mór, am moot mʲ milis, im mute
n̪ˠ[5] naoi, donna tenth n̠ʲ[5] ní, bainne inch
nˠ[5] dona noon nʲ[5] bainis opinion
ŋ ngasúr long ɲ ngeata angular
pˠ poll, stop poor pʲ príosún, truip pure
ɾˠ barr, carr rule (但是为闪音) ɾʲ fhréamh, tirim real (但是为闪音)
sˠ Sasana, tús, speal soon ʃ sean, cáis sheet
t̪ˠ taisce, ceart tool (但是为齿音), thorn (爱尔兰英语) tʲ tír, beirt tune (非yod脱落（英语：英语复辅音音系史）口音)
w[6] bhain, dubh, mhór, léamh, vóta wood 或 voodoo vʲ bhéal, sibh, mhilis, nimh, veidhlín view
x cháis, taoiseach loch (蘇格蘭英語) ç cheist, deich, theann, theocht, thiúilip, thiocfadh, thiubh hue (pronounced strongly)
元音
IPA 示例 英语中的近似发音 IPA 示例 英语中的近似发音
a mac trap aː tá father
ɛ ceist best eː mé, gael pay
ɪ ith, duine kit iː mín, naoi mean
ɔ olc, deoch core oː bó, ceol roll
ʊ dubh, fliuch good uː tú too
ə solas, milis sofa 不適用
双元音
IPA 示例 英语中的近似发音
iə[7] bia idea
uə[7] fuar truant
əi[7] saghas light
əu[7] leabhar about
超音段音位
IPA 解释
ˈ 主重音 (置于重读音节前)；
通常为第一个音节，芒斯特方言（英语：Munster Irish）除外
ˌ 次重音 (通常只在合成词中)

各类音标系统比较

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各类资料中使用的音标系统会与维基百科有出入。例如，长期以来的传统是不标记軟腭化（“宽”）辅音，但用角分符号标记腭化（“窄”）辅音，但这不是标准的IPA用法。

本节将维基百科使用的IPA系统（基于Ailbhe Ní Chasaide在《国际语音学学会手册》 (ISBN 0-521-63751-1) 中对爱尔兰语的描述）与其他资料中使用的音标系统进行比较。

IPA Ní Chasaide (1999)[8]
(Gweedore) 		Quiggin (1906)[9]
(Glenties) 		Breatnach (1947)[10]
(Ring) 		Ó Sé (2000)[11]
(Dingle Peninsula) 		Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[12]
(Erris) 		Ó Siadhail (1988)[13]
(Cois Fharraige) 		Foclóir Póca (1993)[14]
(Lárchanúint)
a a æ, α a a a æ:, a: a
aː æ α: a: ɑː a: ɑ: a:
bˠ bˠ b b b b b b
bʲ bʲ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′
c c k′ k′ k′ k′ k′ k′
ç ç ç ç x′ ç x′ x′
d̪ˠ d̪ˠ d d d d d d
dʲ d̠ʲ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′
eː e e: e: eː e: e: e:
ɛ ɛ ɛ, e e e e e e
ə ə ə ə ə, ɪ ə ə ə
əi — αi əi ai əi ai ai
əu au αu əu ou əu au au
fˠ fˠ f f f f f f
fʲ fʲ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′
ɡ ɡ g g ɡ g g g
ɣ ɣ ℊ γ ɣ ɣ ɣ γ
h h h h, h′ h h h h
iː i i: i: iː i: i: i:
ɪ ɪ ï, i, y i i i i i
iə ia iə iə iːə iə i:ə iə
j j j j ɣ′ j ɣ′ γ′
ɟ ɟ g′ g′ ɡ′ g′ g′ g′
k k k k k k k k
l̪ˠ l̪ˠ L l l L L l
lˠ l l
l̠ʲ l̠ʲ L′ l′ l′ L′ L′ l′
lʲ l l′ l′ l′
mˠ mˠ m m m m m m
mʲ mʲ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′
n̪ˠ n̪ˠ N n n N N n
nˠ n n n
n̠ʲ n̠ʲ N′ n′ n′ N′ N′ n′
nʲ n′ n′ n′
ɲ ɲ ɲ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′
ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ
oː o o:, ɔ: o: oː o: o: o:
ɔ ʌ ɔ, o̤ o o o o o
pˠ pˠ p p p p p p
pʲ pʲ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′
ɾˠ ɾˠ r, R r r r r r
ɾʲ ɾʲ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′
sˠ sˠ s s s s s s
ʃ ɕ ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ s′ s′
t̪ˠ t̪ˠ t t t t t t
tʲ t̠ʲ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′
uː u u: u: uː u: u: u:
ʊ ɤ U u u u u u
uə ua uə uə uːə uə u:ə uə
vʲ vʲ v v′ v′ v′ w′ v′
w w w v v w w v
x x χ x x x x x

注释

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  1. ^ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ› (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ‹γ›), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e› and ‹i›.
  2. ^ Also [ʝ] in some positions in some dialects.
  3. ^ /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of L sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as [l̪ˠ], and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as [lʲ]. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as [l].
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of N sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.
  6. ^ [w~βˠ~vˠ] depending on dialect and position.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as [iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯].
  8. ^ Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe. Irish (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999: 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1. 
  9. ^ Quiggin, E. C. A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1906. 
  10. ^ Breatnach, Risteard B. The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1947. ISBN 0-901282-50-2. 
  11. ^ Ó Sé, Diarmuid. Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. 2000. ISBN 0-946452-97-0 （Irish）. 
  12. ^ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn. The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1968. ISBN 0-901282-02-2. 
  13. ^ Ó Siadhail, Mícheál. Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-300-04224-8. 
  14. ^ Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8. 

外部链接

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