魔牛肝菌
魔牛肝菌(學名:Rubroboletus satanas)又稱魔灰暗红牛肝菌,是灰暗紅牛肝菌屬的一種牛肝菌。本種最早屬於牛肝菌屬,2013年有研究基於分子證據發現魔牛肝菌等物種和其他牛肝菌的關係較遠[2],翌年這些物種被歸入新屬灰暗紅牛肝菌屬中[3]。魔牛肝菌的蕈傘可長至30公分,曾有發現大達50公分的紀錄,初生時為灰色至銀白色,後漸帶有橄欖色或棕色[4][5];蕈傘為5—15公分,上方為橘黃色,下方漸成粉紅色至橘紅色;菌髓為白色、黃色或紅色,切開後會轉為淺藍色,初生子實體帶有輕微的麝香味,長大後則具腐臭味[6];擔孢子為紡錘形,長10—16微米,寬4.5—7.5微米[7][8],孢子印為橄欖綠色[9]。
魔牛肝菌![]() | |
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科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 真菌界 Fungi |
门: | 担子菌门 Basidiomycota |
纲: | 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes |
目: | 牛肝菌目 Boletales |
科: | 牛肝菌科 Boletaceae |
属: | 灰暗红牛肝菌属 Rubroboletus |
种: | 魔牛肝菌 R. satanas
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二名法 | |
Rubroboletus satanas (Lenz) Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang (2014)
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異名[1] | |
魔牛肝菌 | |
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![]() | |
![]() | 子實層上有萌發孔 |
![]() | 蕈傘為凸面 |
![]() | 子實層連生 |
![]() | 蕈柄裸露 |
![]() | 孢印橄欖棕色 |
![]() | 菌根真菌 |
![]() | 有毒 |
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Satansr%C3%B6hrling-1.jpg/220px-Satansr%C3%B6hrling-1.jpg)
魔牛肝菌分布於歐洲溫帶地區與地中海東岸[10]、黑海沿岸、安納托利亞[11]與伊朗[12]等地,過去在美國也有發現紀錄[13],但應屬另一物種Rubroboletus eastwoodiae。本種可與橡樹與栗樹等樹木形成外菌根,一般在夏季或初秋長出子實體[7][6]。魔牛肝菌含有毒素魔牛肝菌毒蛋白[14],食用後(特別是生食後)會造成蕈類中毒,包括腸胃不適、嘔吐與腹痛等症狀[15][16],其種小名satanas(意指撒旦[17])也是得名於此[18],但英國真菌學家約翰·蘭斯巴騰曾紀錄在捷克、義大利等地的人會在煮熟後食用魔牛肝菌,因而認為當地可能有毒性較低的魔牛肝菌族群[18]。不過因本種具腐味,較少有被食用的紀錄[19]。
參考文獻
编辑- ^ GSD Species Synonymy: Rubroboletus satanas (Lenz) Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang. Species Fungorum. CAB International. [2015-09-07].
- ^ Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AFS, Halling RE, Hibbett DS. Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae. Fungal Biology. 2013, 117 (7–8): 479–511. PMID 23931115. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008.
- ^ Zhao K, Wu G, Yang ZL. A new genus, Rubroboletus, to accommodate Boletus sinicus and its allies. Phytotaxa: 61–77. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.188.2.1.
- ^ Courtecuisse R, Duhem B. Mushrooms & Toadstools of Britain & Europe. London, UK: Harper-Collins. 1995.
- ^ Estadès A, Lannoy G. Les bolets européens. Bulletin Mycologique et Botanique Dauphiné-Savoie. 2004, 44 (3): 3–79 (法语).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Galli R. I Boleti. Atlante pratico-monographico per la determinazione dei boleti 3rd. Milano, Italy: Dalla Natura. 2007 (意大利语).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Muñoz JA. Fungi Europaei 2: Boletus s.l.. Italy: Edizioni Candusso. 2005. ISBN 978-88-901057-6-0.
- ^ Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. Pilze der Schweiz 3(1). Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze. Luzern, Switzerland: Verlag Mykologia. 1991. ISBN 978-3-85604-030-7 (德语).
- ^ Kibby G. British Boletes: with key to species 7th. 2016.
- ^ Avizohar-Hershenzon Z, Binyamini N. Boletaceae of Israel: I. Boletus sect. Luridi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 1972, 59 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(72)80037-8.
- ^ Sesli E. Preliminary checklist of macromycetes of the East and Middle Black Sea Regions of Turkey (PDF). Mycotaxon. 2007, 99: 71–74.
- ^ Asef Shayan, M.R. Qarch-ha-ye Sammi-ye Iran قارچهای سمی ایران [Poisonous mushrooms of Iran]. Iran shenasi. 2010: 214. ISBN 978-964-2725-29-8 (波斯语).
- ^ Ammirati JA, Traquair JA, Horgen PA. Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada; . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1985: 241–42. ISBN 0-8166-1407-5.
- ^ Kretz O, Creppy EE, Dirheimer G. Characterization of bolesatine, a toxic protein from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz and its effects on kidney cells. Toxicology. 1991, 66 (2): 213–24. PMID 1707561. doi:10.1016/0300-483X(91)90220-U.
- ^ North, Pamela. Poisonous Plants and Fungi in colour. Blandford Press & Pharmacological Society of Great Britain. 1967.
- ^ Schenk-Jaeger KM, Rauber-Lüthy C, Bodmer M, Kupferschmidt H, Kullak-Ublick GA, Ceschi A. Mushroom poisoning: a study on circumstances of exposure and patterns of toxicity. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2012, 23 (4): e85–e91. PMID 22560399. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2012.03.014.
- ^ Nilson S, Persson O. Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Penguin. 1977: 104. ISBN 0-14-063005-8.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Ramsbottom J. Mushrooms & Toadstools. Collins. 1953: 53–54. ISBN 1-870630-09-2.
- ^ Benjamin, Denis R. Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians . New York: WH Freeman and Company. 1995: 359. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9.