马拉色菌属

马拉色菌属
	放大花斑癣病患皮屑所看到的糠秕马拉色菌
科学分类
界：	真菌界 Fungi
门：	担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲：	马拉色菌纲 Malasseziomycetes
目：	马拉色菌目 Malasseziales
科：	马拉色菌科 Malasseziaceae
属：	马拉色菌属 Malassezia; Baill., 1889
模式種
	糠秕马拉色菌 Microsporum furfur; C.P. Robin
种
	参见文中内容

马拉色菌^[1]^[2]（學名：Malassezia）舊稱糠秕孢子菌^[3]^[4]（Pityrosporum），是真菌界下的一個属級分類元，被认为是酵母类真菌，本属的物种自然存在于人和动物的皮肤上。該屬物種有時會造成机会性感染，進而導致胸背等部位出現色素淡化（英语：hypopigmentation）或色素增多（英语：hyperpigmentation）。

命名

一名25歲的馬拉色菌毛囊炎（英语：Malassezia folliculitis）患者及其皮膚檢體的電子顯微鏡攝影圖，圖中可以看到馬拉色菌的孢子^[5]。

由於鑑定不易以及在实验室条件下繁殖極慢，該屬的研究較為困難，物種的命名及分類史也較為混亂。1846年，艾希施泰特（Eichstedt）描述了一種與變色糠疹相關的一種真菌^[6]。德國皮膚科醫師海因里希·克布纳（英语：Heinrich Koebner）將身上病灶的真菌移植到兔子身上^[7]。1853年，夏尔-菲利普·罗班（英语：Charles-Philippe Robin）成功自病灶中分離病原體，將其分類為小孢癬菌屬（Microsporum），並命名為「Microsporum furfur」^[6]。1889年，亨利·埃内斯特·巴永（英语：Henri Ernest Baillon）以 Microsporum furfur 為模式種，發表「Malassezia」（馬拉色菌屬）此一獨立新屬，因此該物種也被重新命名為「Malassezia furfur」（糠秕马拉色菌）^[8]。1904年，雷蒙·萨博劳發表了一种导致头皮屑的微生物，將其命名为「Pityrosporum malassez」，以纪念路易-夏尔·马拉色（英语：Louis-Charles Malassez），並以此物種發表了糠秕孢子菌屬（Pityrosporum）此一新屬^[9]。

但後人發現，糠秕马拉色菌具有單細胞與菌絲體兩種形態型，「Malassezia furfur」的原始描述是其菌絲體，而「Pityrosporum malassez」則是同一物種的單細胞型（yeast form）^[6]。但至於要選擇哪一個學名為有效名尚有爭議，因此混用的情形相當常見^[10]。1984年後，按命名优先原则，學界將「Malassezia furfur」定為有效名，「Pityrosporum」遂成為「Malassezia」的同物異名^[9]。

物種

目前，人类共发现了10个种：

Malassezia arunalokei Honnavar, Rudramurthy & G.S.Prasad, 2016
巴西马拉色菌 Malassezia brasiliensis F.J.Cabañes, S.D.A.Cout., Bragulat & G.Castellá, 2016
Malassezia caprae J.Cabañes & Boekhout, 2007
Malassezia cuniculi J.Cabañes & G.Castellá, 2011^[11]
Malassezia dermatis ^[12]
Malassezia equi
Malassezia equina
糠秕马拉色菌 Malassezia furfur
球形马拉色菌 Malassezia globosa ^[13]
日本马拉色菌 Malassezia japonica
Malassezia macfadyeni
纳纳马拉色菌 Malassezia nana ^[14]
Malassezia obtusa
Malassezia ochoterenai
厚皮马拉色菌 Malassezia pachydermatis ^[15]
Malassezia psittaci
限制性马拉色菌 Malassezia restricta ^[16]
斯洛菲马拉色菌 Malassezia slooffiae ^[17]
合轴马拉色菌 Malassezia sympodialis ^[18]
Malassezia vespertilionis
Malassezia yamatoensis ^[19]

在人类疾病中扮演的角色

近年来鉴别皮肤上马拉色菌的手段与法医用来鉴别嫌疑犯的分子学或者基因相关的技术手段很类似，这些研究表明这种菌属能引起绝大多数的皮肤病，比如大部分情况下的头皮屑和脂溢性皮炎是球形马拉色菌属引起的（虽然通常也和限制性马拉色菌属有关）^[13]。花斑癣通常也和这种真菌的感染有关。

由于这种真菌需要油脂来生长，因此它通常会感染[脂腺]发达区域，例如：头皮^[20]、脸部以及上半身。当这些真菌繁殖速度过快时，细胞的自然更新过程就会受到干扰，瘙痒及皮屑就会出现（和其它真菌或者细菌感染的情况类似）。球形马拉色菌在人的头部皮肤上的数量可以超过一千万个。

2007年启动的一个球形马拉色菌属基因测序计划，发现该菌属有4,285个基因^[21]，大约是人类基因大小的三百分之一。该菌使用8种不同的油脂分解酶以及3种磷脂分解酶来分解头皮上的油脂。另一个令人惊奇的发现是，球形马拉色菌属可能有有性繁殖的能力^[21]^[22]，不过并没有在实验室或者其它任何条件下观测到这一现象。

头部感染治疗

头皮感染的症状通常使用含有硫化硒或者酮康唑的洗发水来治疗。其它治疗的方式包括使用含有环吡酮胺、煤焦油、锌羟基吡啶硫酮（ZPT）、咪康唑或者千层树油的洗发水。伊曲康唑等（参见：脂溢性皮炎。）

參考文獻

^ 席丽艳; 鲁长明. 常见真菌感染性疾病直接镜检图谱. 广东科技出版社. 2020: 30. ISBN 9787535975089.
^ 何丽莎, 路永红. 马拉色菌实验研究进展[J]. 中国皮肤性病学杂志, 2013, 27(7): 729-732.
^ 王群, 吴勤学, 陈小红, 等. 脂溢性皮炎患者血清中抗马拉色菌抗体检测[J]. 临床皮肤科杂志, 2001, 30(6): 345-347.
^ 冉玉平. 圆形/卵形糠秕孢子菌:80例正常人皮肤带菌情况[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 1987, 20(2): 71-73.
^ Ran Yuping. Observation of Fungi, Bacteria, and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Janecek, Milos; Kral, Robert (编). Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences. InTech. 2016. ISBN 978-953-51-2252-4. doi:10.5772/61850.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Ashbee, H. R. Update on the genus Malassezia. Medical Mycology. 2007-06-01, 45 (4): 287–303 [2021-02-11]. ISSN 1369-3786. doi:10.1080/13693780701191373. （原始内容存档于2021-04-11）（英语）.
^ Moore, Morris. LXXXIII.—MALASSEZIA FURFUR, THE CAUSE OF TINEA VERSICOLOR: CULTIVATION OF THE ORGANISM AND EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF THE DISEASE. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 1940-02-01, 41 (2): 253–260. ISSN 0096-6029. doi:10.1001/archderm.1940.01490080062003 （英语）.
^ Baillon, H. (Henri), H. Traité de botanique médicale cryptogamique, suivi du tableau du droguier de la Faculté de médecine de Paris. Paris: O. Doin. 1889 [2021-02-11]. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5409. （原始内容存档于2021-04-11）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Inamadar AC, Palit A. The genus Malassezia and human disease. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2003, 69 (4): 265–70 [2009-06-29]. PMID 17642908. （原始内容存档于2018-09-06）.
^ Inamadar, A. C.; Palit, A. The genus Malassezia and human disease. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 2003-07, 69 (4): 265–270 [2021-02-11]. ISSN 0973-3922. PMID 17642908. （原始内容存档于2021-04-11）.
^ F. J. Cabañes, S. Vega & G. Castellá (2011) Malassezia cuniculi sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin, Medical Mycology, 49:1, 40-48, DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.493562
^ Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T; et al. New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. April 2002, 40 (4): 1363–7. PMC 140359  . PMID 11923357. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR; et al. Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1. J. Invest. Dermatol. September 2007, 127 (9): 2138–46. PMID 17460728. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700844.
^ Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K; et al. Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. March 2004, 54 (Pt 2): 623–7. PMID 15023986. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02776-0. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Coutinho SD, Paula CR. Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system. Rev Iberoam Micol. June 1998, 15 (2): 85–7 [2009-06-29]. PMID 17655416. （原始内容存档于2021-04-11）.
^ Sugita T, Tajima M, Amaya M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A. Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects (^{[失效連結]} – ^{Scholar search}). Microbiol. Immunol. 2004, 48 (10): 755–9. PMID 15502408. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL. Malassezia slooffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat. Vet. Dermatol. October 2007, 18 (5): 348–52. PMID 17845623. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Taïeh A. Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by Malassezia sympodialis?. Arch Dermatol. August 1998, 134 (8): 995–8. PMID 9722730. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.8.995. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M; et al. A new yeast, Malassezia yamatoensis, isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects (^{[失效連結]} – ^{Scholar search}). Microbiol. Immunol. 2004, 48 (8): 579–83. PMID 15322337. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ BBC NEWS | Health | Genetic code of dandruff cracked. [2008-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-22）.
^ ^21.0 ^21.1 Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P; et al. Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. November 2007, 104 (47): 18730–5. PMC 2141845  . PMID 18000048. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706756104.
^ Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E. The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts. Parassitologia. June 2008, 50 (1-2): 77–9. PMID 18693563.

外部链接

IJMS Vol 29 No. 4 March 2004 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
aafp Diagnosis and Management of Common Tinea Infections July 1998 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
M Shams Ghahfarokhi; M. Razzaghi Abyaneh. Rapid Identification of Malassezia furfur from other Malassezia Species: A Major Causative Agent of Pityriasis Versicolor (PDF). Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences. March 2004, 29 (1). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-25）.
Noble SL, Forbes RC, Stamm PL. Diagnosis and management of common tinea infections. Am Fam Physician. July 1998, 58 (1): 163–74, 177–8. PMID 9672436.

[1] 席丽艳; 鲁长明. 常见真菌感染性疾病直接镜检图谱. 广东科技出版社. 2020: 30. ISBN 9787535975089.

[2] 何丽莎, 路永红. 马拉色菌实验研究进展[J]. 中国皮肤性病学杂志, 2013, 27(7): 729-732.

[3] 王群, 吴勤学, 陈小红, 等. 脂溢性皮炎患者血清中抗马拉色菌抗体检测[J]. 临床皮肤科杂志, 2001, 30(6): 345-347.

[4] 冉玉平. 圆形/卵形糠秕孢子菌:80例正常人皮肤带菌情况[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 1987, 20(2): 71-73.

[5] Ran Yuping. Observation of Fungi, Bacteria, and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Janecek, Milos; Kral, Robert (编). Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences. InTech. 2016. ISBN 978-953-51-2252-4. doi:10.5772/61850.

[:0-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Ashbee, H. R. Update on the genus Malassezia. Medical Mycology. 2007-06-01, 45 (4): 287–303 [2021-02-11]. ISSN 1369-3786. doi:10.1080/13693780701191373. （原始内容存档于2021-04-11）（英语）.

[7] Moore, Morris. LXXXIII.—MALASSEZIA FURFUR, THE CAUSE OF TINEA VERSICOLOR: CULTIVATION OF THE ORGANISM AND EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF THE DISEASE. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 1940-02-01, 41 (2): 253–260. ISSN 0096-6029. doi:10.1001/archderm.1940.01490080062003 （英语）.

[8] Baillon, H. (Henri), H. Traité de botanique médicale cryptogamique, suivi du tableau du droguier de la Faculté de médecine de Paris. Paris: O. Doin. 1889 [2021-02-11]. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5409. （原始内容存档于2021-04-11）.

[pmid17642908-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Inamadar AC, Palit A. The genus Malassezia and human disease. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2003, 69 (4): 265–70 [2009-06-29]. PMID 17642908. （原始内容存档于2018-09-06）.

[10] Inamadar, A. C.; Palit, A. The genus Malassezia and human disease. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 2003-07, 69 (4): 265–270 [2021-02-11]. ISSN 0973-3922. PMID 17642908. （原始内容存档于2021-04-11）.

[11] F. J. Cabañes, S. Vega & G. Castellá (2011) Malassezia cuniculi sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin, Medical Mycology, 49:1, 40-48, DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.493562

[pmid11923357-12] Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T; et al. New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. April 2002, 40 (4): 1363–7. PMC 140359  . PMID 11923357. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002.

[pmid17460728-13] 13.0 ^13.1 DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR; et al. Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1. J. Invest. Dermatol. September 2007, 127 (9): 2138–46. PMID 17460728. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700844.

[pmid15023986-14] Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K; et al. Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. March 2004, 54 (Pt 2): 623–7. PMID 15023986. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02776-0. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[pmid17655416-15] Coutinho SD, Paula CR. Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system. Rev Iberoam Micol. June 1998, 15 (2): 85–7 [2009-06-29]. PMID 17655416. （原始内容存档于2021-04-11）.

[pmid15502408-16] Sugita T, Tajima M, Amaya M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A. Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects (^{[失效連結]} – ^{Scholar search}). Microbiol. Immunol. 2004, 48 (10): 755–9. PMID 15502408. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[pmid17845623-17] Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL. Malassezia slooffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat. Vet. Dermatol. October 2007, 18 (5): 348–52. PMID 17845623. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[pmid9722730-18] Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Taïeh A. Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by Malassezia sympodialis?. Arch Dermatol. August 1998, 134 (8): 995–8. PMID 9722730. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.8.995. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[pmid15322337-19] Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M; et al. A new yeast, Malassezia yamatoensis, isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects (^{[失效連結]} – ^{Scholar search}). Microbiol. Immunol. 2004, 48 (8): 579–83. PMID 15322337. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[urlBBC_NEWS_|_Health_|_Genetic_code_of_dandruff_cracked-20] BBC NEWS | Health | Genetic code of dandruff cracked. [2008-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-22）.

[pmid18000048-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P; et al. Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. November 2007, 104 (47): 18730–5. PMC 2141845  . PMID 18000048. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706756104.

[pmid18693563-22] Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E. The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts. Parassitologia. June 2008, 50 (1-2): 77–9. PMID 18693563.

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