長壽神話

长寿神话是一些有關超級长寿者（如超级百岁老人）的聲稱，但沒有任何科学证据支持，也沒有正當理由支持的说法^[1]^[2]。虽然这些神话的字面解释似乎表明寿命非常长，但往往只是宗教或神話，沒有確切的證據證明，也沒有任何合理的理由令人相信是真實的。许多学者相信有不少長壽的这样的数字，可能是各种语言对数字系统的错误翻译，以及是某些数字的文化和象征意义^[3]。

“长寿传统”（英語：Longevity tradition）一词，可能被认为可以赋予人类更长的寿命的仪式、净化、实践、冥想和炼金术等^[4]，在中国文化中是很常見^[1]^[2]。

在1960年代到1980年代的《吉尼斯世界纪录》指出，沒有一個主題比人類壽命的極限，更容易受到虛榮、欺騙、虛假和蓄意欺詐所掩蓋^[5]。

现代科学表明，遗传、饮食和生活方式可以影响人类寿命，現代科學也可以讓我們估算人类遗骸的年龄。

除了神话之外，目前世界已证实的最长寿命记录是来自法国的让娜·卡尔芒（122+1⁄2歲），男性則是来自日本的木村次郎右卫门（116+1⁄6歲）。一些科学家则估计，在最理想的条件下，人们的寿命可达127岁^[6]^[7]。但不能排除在理论上幸运的突变组合下，人的寿命可能更長。尽管人类的寿命是自然界中比較長壽的一群，但有些动物的寿命更长。例如，加拉帕戈斯象龟的一些个体寿命超过175岁^[8]，弓头鲸的一些个体寿命超过200岁^[9]。一些科学家提出，人体可以有足够的资源活到150岁^[10]^[11]。

宗教中的非常長壽主张

基督教的聖經（旧约）

符合圣经的长寿
姓名	马索雷蒂奇年龄	七十士译本年龄
玛土撒拉	969	969
雅列	962	962
挪亞	950	950
亞當	930	930
塞特	912	912
该南	910	910
以挪士	905	905
玛勒列	895	895
拉麦	777	753
闪	600	600
希伯	464	404
蔡南	—	460
亚法撒	438	465
萨拉赫	433	466
以諾	365	365
法勒	239	339
拉吴	239	339
西鹿	230	330
约伯	210？	210？
他拉	205	205
以撒	180	180
亞伯拉罕	175	175
拿霍尔	148	304
雅各	147	147
以扫	147？	147？
以实玛利	137	137
利未	137	137
阿姆兰	137	137
哥哈特	133	133
拉班	130+	130+
黛博拉	130+	130+
耶何耶大	130	130
撒拉	127	127
米利暗	125+	125+
亞倫	123	123
利百加	120+	120+
摩西	120	120
约瑟	110	110
約書亞	110	110

圣经中有几个部分，包括《托拉》、《约书亚记》、《约伯记》和《历代志》，都提到了非常長壽的人，如达玛土撒拉的 969 岁。

佛教

毗婆尸，是二十八佛中的第二十二位，寿命为八萬岁^[12]或十萬岁。 ^[13]不過，在毗婆尸时代，佛教認為，當時人類的壽命是八萬四千年。
第一个佛陀（Taṇhankara）寿命十萬岁。

古代的非常長壽说法

中国

李清雲據說活了256歲。
陳俊據說活了443歲。
伏羲據說活了197岁。 ^[14]
卢西安写到了“Seres”（中国人），声称他们已经已活300多年。
左慈，生活在三国时期的人，据说活了三百岁。
在中国传说中，彭祖在殷朝（公元前 16 世纪至 11 世纪）據說已經活了 800 多年^[15] ^[16]

三皇五帝

据说黄帝活到113岁。
据说尧帝活到118岁。 ^[17]
据说舜帝活到110岁。 ^[18]

埃及

埃及历史学家曼涅托（Manetho）指出，根據早期資料，埃及國王希腊-埃及神赫淮斯托斯（ Ptah ）“统治了 9000 年”。 ^[19]

中世纪时代

波兰

波兰国王皮亚斯特·科沃杰 (Piast Kołodziej)，於 861 年去世，據稱享年 120 岁（公元 740 年 - 公元 861 年）。 ^[20]

威尔士

威尔士吟游诗人Llywarch Hen（《英雄挽歌》），據說享年约为 150 岁。^[21]

參見

注释

参考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ni, Maoshing. Secrets of Longevity . Chronicle Books. 2006: 101. ISBN 978-0-8118-4949-4. Chuan xiong ... has long been a key herb in the longevity tradition of China, prized for its powers to boost the immune system, activate blood circulation, and relieve pain.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Fulder, Stephen. An End to Ageing: Remedies for Life . Destiny Books. 1983: 27. ISBN 978-0-89281-044-4. Taoist devotion to immortality is important to us for two reasons. The techniques may be of considerable value to our goal of a healthy old age, if we can understand and adapt them. Secondly, the Taoist longevity tradition has brought us many interesting remedies.
^ Hokisson, Paul Y. Number Manipulation for Profit, or Just for Fun?. Insights: The Newsletter of the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship. January 2010, 30 (6): 3 [2023-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-07）.
^ Kohn, Livia. Daoism and Chinese Culture. Three Pines Press. 2001: 4, 84 [2020-09-25]. ISBN 978-1-931483-00-1. （原始内容存档于2021-06-03）.
^ Title of 'Oldest Living Person' Is Up for Grabs -- If You Have Some Proof. 洛杉磯時報. 14 January 1990 [2015-02-23]. （原始内容存档于23 February 2015）.
^ Anderson, Stacy L.; Sebastiani, Paola; Dworkis, Daniel A.; Feldman, Lori; Perls, Thomas T. Health Span Approximates Life Span Among Many Supercentenarians: Compression of Morbidity at the Approximate Limit of Life Span. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 1 April 2012, 67A (4): 395–405 [2021-04-11]. PMC 3309876  . PMID 22219514. doi:10.1093/gerona/glr223. （原始内容存档于2012-09-15）.
^ B. M. Weon; J. H. Je. Theoretical estimation of maximum human lifespan. Biogerontology. 17 June 2008, 10 (1): 65–71. PMID 18560989. S2CID 8554128. doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9156-4.
^ Galapagos tortoise in the database AnAge. [2021-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-05）.
^ Bowhead whale in the database AnAge. [2021-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-15）.
^ Sullivan, Danny. Aging experts hail new study, which finds that solving the decline in our ability to recover as we age may hold the key to dramatically extending human lifespan. Longevity Technology. 25 May 2021 [7 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于7 June 2021）. Extrapolation of this data shows a complete loss of human body resilience at around 120-150 years of age – indicating the current limit of human lifespan
^ Willingham, Emily. Humans Could Live up to 150 Years, New Research Suggests. Scientific American. 25 May 2021 [7 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于7 June 2021）.
^ Horner, IB. The nineteenth chronicle: that of the Lord Vipassin. Oxford: Pali Text Society. 1975: 74–7. ISBN 978-0-86013-072-7.
^ Davids, TWR; Davids, R. https://archive.org/stream/buddhistbirth00daviuoft#page/n151/mode/1up |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). The successive bodhisats in the times of the previous Buddhas. London: George Routledge & Sons. 1878: 115–44.
^ Worshiping the Three Sage Kings and Five Virtuous Emperors - The Imperial Temple of Emperors of Successive Dynasties in Beijing. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. 2007. ISBN 978-7-119-04635-8.
^ Li, Mengyu. The Unique Values of Chinese Traditional Cultural Time Orientation: In Comparison with Western Cultural Time Orientation (PDF). The University of Rhode Island. 2008 [2010-03-19]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-06-06）.
^ Saints & Sages Part I: Founding Ancestor Peng 彭祖爺 – Purple Cloud. [2020-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-04）.
^ Ching, Julia; R. W. L. Guisso. Sages and filial sons: mythology and archaeology in ancient China. The Chinese University Press. 1991: 140. ISBN 978-962-201-469-5.
^ Records of the Grand Historian
^ Manetho; Syncellus, George. Fragments (Fr. 3). [2020-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-11）.
^ Prichard, James C. Researches into the Physical History of Mankind 1. London: Houlston and Stoneman. 1836: 11–5 ff [2023-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-07）.
^ Hulbert, Charles. Instances of Human Longevity in Europe. 1825: 451–7.

參考書目

Boia, Lucian. Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity from Antiquity to the Present. Reaktion Books. 2004. ISBN 978-1-86189-154-9.
Thoms, William J. The Longevity of Man. Its Facts and Its Fictions. With a prefatory letter to Prof. Owen, C.B., F.R.S. on the limits and frequency of exceptional cases. London: F. Norgate. 1879.

[trad1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ni, Maoshing. Secrets of Longevity . Chronicle Books. 2006: 101. ISBN 978-0-8118-4949-4. Chuan xiong ... has long been a key herb in the longevity tradition of China, prized for its powers to boost the immune system, activate blood circulation, and relieve pain.

[trad2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Fulder, Stephen. An End to Ageing: Remedies for Life . Destiny Books. 1983: 27. ISBN 978-0-89281-044-4. Taoist devotion to immortality is important to us for two reasons. The techniques may be of considerable value to our goal of a healthy old age, if we can understand and adapt them. Secondly, the Taoist longevity tradition has brought us many interesting remedies.

[3] Hokisson, Paul Y. Number Manipulation for Profit, or Just for Fun?. Insights: The Newsletter of the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship. January 2010, 30 (6): 3 [2023-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-07）.

[kohn-4] Kohn, Livia. Daoism and Chinese Culture. Three Pines Press. 2001: 4, 84 [2020-09-25]. ISBN 978-1-931483-00-1. （原始内容存档于2021-06-03）.

[5] Title of 'Oldest Living Person' Is Up for Grabs -- If You Have Some Proof. 洛杉磯時報. 14 January 1990 [2015-02-23]. （原始内容存档于23 February 2015）.

[6] Anderson, Stacy L.; Sebastiani, Paola; Dworkis, Daniel A.; Feldman, Lori; Perls, Thomas T. Health Span Approximates Life Span Among Many Supercentenarians: Compression of Morbidity at the Approximate Limit of Life Span. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 1 April 2012, 67A (4): 395–405 [2021-04-11]. PMC 3309876  . PMID 22219514. doi:10.1093/gerona/glr223. （原始内容存档于2012-09-15）.

[7] B. M. Weon; J. H. Je. Theoretical estimation of maximum human lifespan. Biogerontology. 17 June 2008, 10 (1): 65–71. PMID 18560989. S2CID 8554128. doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9156-4.

[8] Galapagos tortoise in the database AnAge. [2021-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-05）.

[9] Bowhead whale in the database AnAge. [2021-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-15）.

[10] Sullivan, Danny. Aging experts hail new study, which finds that solving the decline in our ability to recover as we age may hold the key to dramatically extending human lifespan. Longevity Technology. 25 May 2021 [7 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于7 June 2021）. Extrapolation of this data shows a complete loss of human body resilience at around 120-150 years of age – indicating the current limit of human lifespan

[11] Willingham, Emily. Humans Could Live up to 150 Years, New Research Suggests. Scientific American. 25 May 2021 [7 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于7 June 2021）.

[Horner1975-12] Horner, IB. The nineteenth chronicle: that of the Lord Vipassin. Oxford: Pali Text Society. 1975: 74–7. ISBN 978-0-86013-072-7.

[Davids1878-13] Davids, TWR; Davids, R. https://archive.org/stream/buddhistbirth00daviuoft#page/n151/mode/1up |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). The successive bodhisats in the times of the previous Buddhas. London: George Routledge & Sons. 1878: 115–44.

[flp1-14] Worshiping the Three Sage Kings and Five Virtuous Emperors - The Imperial Temple of Emperors of Successive Dynasties in Beijing. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. 2007. ISBN 978-7-119-04635-8.

[15] Li, Mengyu. The Unique Values of Chinese Traditional Cultural Time Orientation: In Comparison with Western Cultural Time Orientation (PDF). The University of Rhode Island. 2008 [2010-03-19]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-06-06）.

[16] Saints & Sages Part I: Founding Ancestor Peng 彭祖爺 – Purple Cloud. [2020-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-04）.

[17] Ching, Julia; R. W. L. Guisso. Sages and filial sons: mythology and archaeology in ancient China. The Chinese University Press. 1991: 140. ISBN 978-962-201-469-5.

[18] Records of the Grand Historian

[19] Manetho; Syncellus, George. Fragments (Fr. 3). [2020-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-11）.

[jp-20] Prichard, James C. Researches into the Physical History of Mankind 1. London: Houlston and Stoneman. 1836: 11–5 ff [2023-10-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-07）.

[ch-21] Hulbert, Charles. Instances of Human Longevity in Europe. 1825: 451–7.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]