諾阿卡利動亂
諾阿卡利動亂(英語:Noakhali riots)是1946年10月至11月(印巴分治前一年)發生於英屬印度孟加拉諾阿卡利的動亂。1937年前英屬印度孟加拉管辖区的統治階級多為印度教徒,之後穆斯林藉選舉取得政治地位,雙方累積了嚴重的政治、經濟與社會矛盾[5]。1946年8月加爾各答爆發大屠殺,之後流傳假新聞指加爾各答的印度教徒襲擊穆斯林作為報復[6],8月29日開齋節時諾阿卡利的印度教徒與穆斯林爆發衝突,有數名印度教徒因被懷疑藏有武器而遭襲擊[7][8],穆斯林隊伍還劫掠了印度教徒的住宅並毀損其寺廟[8]。
諾阿卡利動亂 | |
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孟加拉分治的一部分 | |
![]() 甘地聆聽一名屠殺倖存者的陳述 | |
位置 | ![]() |
日期 | 1946年10月至11月 |
目標 | 孟加拉印度教徒 |
類型 | 屠杀、強迫改宗、縱火、綁票與强奸 |
死亡 | 285[1]; 关于其他信息 超過5,000人[2][3] |
主謀 | 穆斯林國民兵、退伍士兵、私人武裝 |
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/House_of_Rajendralal_Roy_Chowdhury.png/200px-House_of_Rajendralal_Roy_Chowdhury.png)
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lila_Nag.jpg/125px-Lila_Nag.jpg)
加爾各答屠殺爆發以來諾阿卡利與吉大港的印度教徒與穆斯林對立情勢逐漸升高[9],10月10日莎拉德·普尼玛節當天動亂爆發,穆斯林暴民開始屠殺印度教徒[10][11],一週內估計即有超過5000人喪生[2][3],數百名印度教婦女遭強姦,並有數千人被強迫改宗伊斯蘭教[12],超過5萬人逃至庫米拉與阿加爾塔拉等地的救濟營避難[13],留在村莊內的印度教徒則被穆斯林統治者控制,失去遷徙自由,甚至被迫繳納吉茲亞[14]。印度革命運動人士拉尔莫汉·森在阻止穆斯林暴民殺戮印度教徒時遇害[15][16]。
11月甘地抵達諾阿卡利,在當地停留了4個月,走訪了47座村莊,試圖恢復當地秩序,緩解雙方衝突[17][18],但未能促成雙方和解[19]。1947年3月印度國大黨接受了印巴分治的方案,救濟營逐漸荒廢,大部分難民流落至西孟加拉邦、特里普拉邦[20]與阿薩姆邦等地[21]。
參考文獻
编辑- ^ ROY, Sukumar. Noakhalite Mahatma (নোয়াখালীতে মহাত্মা). 9 Shyama Charan Dey Street, Calcutta: Orient Book Company. 1947: 14语言=孟加拉语.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 India: Written in Blood. Time. 28 October 1946: 42 [2021-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24).
Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Khan, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan New. Yale University Press. 2017: 68 [First published 2007] [2021-09-24]. ISBN 978-0-300-23032-1. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24).
- ^ Das, Suhasini. Noakhali:1946. Dhaka: Sahitya Prakash. 2004: 13. ISBN 984-465-373-8.
- ^ সাম্প্রদায়িক সম্প্রিতি এবং ভারতে হিন্দু মুসলিম দন্দ্বের ইতিহাস। Page 242
- ^ সাম্প্রদায়িক সম্প্রিতি এবং ভারতে হিন্দু মুসলিম দন্দ্বের ইতিহাস। Page 306-351
- ^ Mukherjee, Kali Prasanna. দেশ বিভাজনের অন্তরালে [Behind The Partition Of The Country]. Kolkata: Vivekananda Sahitya Kendra. 2003: 35 (孟加拉语).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Ghosh Choudhuri, Haran C. Proceedings of the Bengal Legislative Assembly (PBLA). Vol LXXVII. Bengal Legislative Assembly. 6 February 1947.
- ^ Tuker, Francis. While Memory Serves. London: Cassell. 1950: 170. OCLC 937426955.
Reports received at Command H.Q. during the six weeks before the trouble started certainly indicated tension in the rural area, particularly Noakhali and Chittagong.
- ^ নোয়াখালীতে গান্ধী: সাম্প্রদায়িক হত্যাযজ্ঞের রক্তাক্ত অধ্যায়. BBC Bangla. 2 October 2019 [8 October 2019]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24) (孟加拉语).
- ^ হিন্দু-মুসলিম দাঙ্গা থামাতেই নোয়াখালী আসেন মহাত্মা গান্ধী. Somoy News. 2 October 2019 [8 October 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-08) (孟加拉语).
- ^ Fatal flaw in communal violence bill. Rediff.com. 2 July 2011 [2 August 2011]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25).
- ^ Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok. 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Kolkata: Himangshu Maity. 2011: 278–280. ISBN 9788192246406.
- ^ Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok. 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Kolkata: Himangshu Maity. 2011: 263. ISBN 9788192246406.
- ^ Sengupta, Subhodh Chandra; Basu, Anjali (编). লালমোহন সেন [Lalmohan Sen]. Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Bibliographical Dictionary) 1 4th. Kolkata: Shishu Sahitya Samsad: 501. January 2002. ISBN 8185626650 (孟加拉语).
- ^ Bandyopadhyay, Sandip. ইতিহাসের দিকে ফিরে: ছেচল্লিশের দাঙ্গা [The Calcutta Riots, 1946]. Kolkata: Radical. 2010: 66. ISBN 9788185459073 (孟加拉语).
- ^ Gupta, Ashoka. Those days in Noakhali…. Seminar Publications. [20 December 2008]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-20).
- ^ Ghosh, Biswaroop. Religion and Politics in Bengal: The Noakhali Carnage 1946-47. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 2011, 72: 936–946. JSTOR 44146785.
- ^ Majumder, Ramesh Chandra. বাংলা দেশের ইতিহাস [History of Bangla Desh]. Kolkata: General Printers and Publishers. 1975: 425 (孟加拉语).
- ^ Dev, Chitta Ranjan. Two days with Mohandas Gandhi. Ishani (Mahatma Gandhi Ishani Foundation). 2005, 1 (4) [7 August 2011]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-04).
- ^ Dasgupta, Anindita. Denial and Resistance: Sylheti Partition 'refugees' in Assam. Contemporary South Asia (South Asia Forum for Human Rights). 2001, 10 (3): 352 [7 August 2011]. doi:10.1080/09584930120109559. (原始内容存档于2020-10-30).