特拉托阿尼
阿兹特克帝国城邦统治者的称谓
特拉托阿尼(古典納瓦特爾語:tlahtoāni 发音:[t͡ɬaʔtoˈaːni] (ⓘ),意为“发言者、统治者”)为前哥伦布时期时,对阿兹特克帝国城邦统治者的纳瓦特尔语称谓,在其他语言中可将其译作王、君主。[1]女性则用西瓦特拉托阿尼(Cihuātlahtoāni,意为“女王”)称呼之[2]。此外,夸乌特拉托阿尼(英語:Cuauhtlatoani,“明智的首领”)指在阿兹特克帝国尚未建立时便已定居在此的墨西加人首领,或殖民时期阿兹特克帝国统治者。部分情况下,特拉托阿尼专指帝国首都特诺奇蒂特兰的统治者。
阿兹特克帝国特拉托阿尼 | |
---|---|
详情 | |
开国君主 | 阿卡马皮奇特利 |
末代君主 | 夸烏特莫克 |
建立 | 约1376年 |
终结 | 1521年 |
特拉托阿尼的领土被称为特拉托卡特拉利(古典纳瓦特尔语:Tlahtohcātlālli)[3] ,其住所被称为特拉托卡卡利(古典纳瓦特尔语:Tlahtohcācalli)。[3]
阿兹特克帝国的每一座城邦都有自己的统治者,兼握其城邦的政教大权,并被视为城邦的最高指挥官。特拉托阿尼通常由皇室子弟世袭登上王位,但也存在通过选举当上统治者的个例。[4]选举者为一个类似议会的团体,通常由长者、贵族与祭司组成。
阿兹特克帝国历代特拉托阿尼
编辑阿兹特克帝国共有11位特拉托阿尼(此处专指特诺奇蒂特兰之统治者)。
相关条目
编辑引注
编辑- ^ Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p.3). See also the entry for "TLAHTOANI" 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-06-14., in Wimmer (2006)
- ^ Schroeder (2007, pp.3–4). See also the entry for "CIHUATLAHTOANI" 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-06-08. in Wimmer (2006).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Nahuatl dictionary (1997). Wired humanities project. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from link (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ pre-Columbian civilizations. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2017-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-16) (英语).
参考文献
编辑- Berdan, Frances F.; Richard E. Blanton; Elizabeth Hill Boone; Mary G. Hodge; Michael E. Smith; Emily Umberger. Aztec Imperial Strategies. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1996. ISBN 0-88402-211-0. OCLC 27035231.
- Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810 Reprinted 1976. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1964. ISBN 0-8047-0196-2. OCLC 190295.
- Lockhart, James. Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts. UCLA Latin American studies, vol. 88; Nahuatl studies series, no. 6. Stanford and Los Angeles: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications. 2001. ISBN 0-8047-4282-0. OCLC 46858459. (英文) (纳瓦特尔文)
- Schroeder, Susan. Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1182-9. OCLC 21976206.
- Schroeder, Susan. The Annals of Chimalpahin (PDF). James Lockhart; Lisa Sousa; Stephanie Wood (编). Sources and Methods for the Study of Postconquest Mesoamerican Ethnohistory Provisional version. Eugene: University of Oregon Wired Humanities Project. 2007 [2008-05-16]. (原始内容 (PDF e-book online publication)存档于2016-05-27).
- Wimmer, Alexis. Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique (online version, incorporating reproductions from Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine [1885], by Rémi Siméon). 2006. (原始内容存档于2012-12-30). (法文) (纳瓦特尔文)
- Barbara A. Somervill. Great Empires of the Past: Empire of the Aztecs. New York: Chelsa House, 2010.
- Carrasco, David. Daily Life of The Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998.
- Carrasco, D. 1998, 139.
- Sahagun, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated and edited by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. 13 vols. Santa Fe: School of American Research, and University of Utah, 1950-1982.
- Sahagun, Florentine Codex, VIII: 52.
- Somervill, B. 2010, 78.