戒堂
南传佛教寺庙建筑
戒堂是佛教庙宇建筑的一种,多见于南传上座部寺庙,是僧人受戒、诵经之场所[1][2]。根据戒律的规定,戒堂是僧团集结行业之划界(sīmā)[3]。
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各地传统
编辑缅甸语中,戒堂称为“登”(緬甸語:သိမ်;Thein),来自巴利语的sīmā,意译为“界”。在缅甸以奘房为中心的佛寺中,戒堂是重要且常见的建筑,但亦有独立而建的做法[2][4]。缅甸掸族寺庙的戒堂称为“辛”(သိမ်ႇ;Sim),是专为僧人活动而设的场所[5][6]。
在泰国,戒堂称为“乌博索”(泰語:อุโบสถ;Ubosot)或“博”(โบสถ์;Bot),源自巴利语的uposathāgāra,意为举行布萨仪式的场所[7]。戒堂是泰民族的洼寺式庙宇的主要建筑,亦用作公共用途[2][5] 。在泰国中部的佛寺中,戒堂是全寺的中心;泰北寺庙则以舍利塔为中心[5]。寺庙中最重要的佛像就通常在戒堂中供奉。
老挝和泰国东北的依善地区称戒堂为“辛”(寮語:ສິມ;泰語:สิม)。
泰老民族的传统是用八块镇邪石(ใบเสมา;Bai sema)划定戒堂的结界。这种做法可以追溯到陀羅缽地文明时期[3]。在南传佛教寺庙中,精舍和戒堂都是供奉佛像的主要礼佛场所,二者最大的区别即戒堂周围是有镇邪石划出结界的。
图册
编辑-
中国云南景真八角亭
参见
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ Murphy, Stephen A. Sema Stones in Lower Myanmar and Northeast Thailand: A Comparison. Before Siam: Essays in Art and Archaeology. River Books & The Siam Society. 2014 [2023-03-12]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-12).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 O'Connor, Richard A. Place, Power and People: Southeast Asia's Temple Tradition. Arts Asiatiques. 2009, 64 (1): 116–123. doi:10.3406/arasi.2009.1692.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Kieffer-Pülz, Petra. Rules for the sīmā Regulation in the Vinaya and its Commentaries and their Application in Thailand. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 1997, 20 (2): 141–153 [2023-03-12]. ISSN 0193-600X. (原始内容存档于2023-03-12) (英语).
- ^ ဇင်ဦး. မန္တလေးမြို့တည်နန်းတည် သတ္တ (၇) ဌာန ပြုပြင်မွမ်းမံမှု ၉၅ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းပြီးစီး. Ministry of Information. [2020-05-17] (缅甸语).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Tannenbaum, Nicola. The Heart of the Village: Constituent Structures of Shan Communities. Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 1990, 5 (1): 23–41. JSTOR 40860287.
- ^ Sao Tern Moeng. Shan-English Dictionary. Dunwoody Press. 1995 [2023-03-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08).
- ^ Architecture of Thailand. A Guide to Traditional and Contemporary Forms. Nithi Sthapitanonda; Brian Mertens.
延伸阅读
编辑- Karl Döhring: Buddhist Temples Of Thailand. Berlin 1920, reprint by White Lotus Co. Ltd., Bangkok 2000, ISBN 974-7534-40-1
- K.I. Matics: Introduction To The Thai Temple. White Lotus, Bangkok 1992, ISBN 974-8495-42-6
- No Na Paknam: The Buddhist Boundary Markers of Thailand. Muang Boran Press, Bangkok 1981 (no ISBN)
- Carol Stratton: What's What in a Wat, Thai Buddhist Temples. Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai 2010, ISBN 978-974-9511-99-2