中美洲蹴球納瓦特爾語ōllamalīztli纳瓦特尔语发音:[oːlːamaˈlistɬi]馬雅語系語言:pitz;英語:Mesoamerican ballgame)是一種流行於古代中部美洲具有儀式關聯的體育活動阿茲特克版本的此類活動,是今墨西哥錫那羅亞州Ulama(或作Ollama)球類運動的前身。[1]

座落在奇琴伊察的蹴球場。

中美洲蹴球有其重要儀式意義,主要的正式球賽都是作為儀式活動而舉行。這項運動也被作為兒童遊戲進行,且女性也可能從事於這種運動。[2]

這種球賽與活人獻祭有關,尤其是斬首。例如,埃爾塔欣有石板雕刻一個在球場上被犧牲的人,而奇琴伊察也有石板則雕刻一名被斬首且跪著的球賽參與者,蛇和植物從他的脖子上長出來,凸顯犧牲血液的再生滋養力量。與這種球賽相關的祭祀主題藝術遍佈整個中部美洲,從危地馬拉南海岸Bilbao遺址的雕塑,到發現於墨西哥中部的文獻資料中。在基切人的《波波爾·烏》也描述有關傳說故事。然而,儘管犧牲與球賽有密切聯繫,但其中犧牲的確切機制和意義仍無法被確認;目前仍無法確知是什麼人會被犧牲、在何種場合下犧牲,以及這種犧牲與球賽本身有何關聯。[3]

被發現有早於公元前1000年有關文物的遺址(以紅點標示)的地圖。

参考文献

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  1. ^ Leyenaar, Ted J. J. Ulama the perpetuation in Mexico of the pre-spanish ball game Ullamaliztli. Brill. 1978 (荷兰语). 
  2. ^ Art, Mint Museum of. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Thames & Hudson. 2001. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5 (英语). 
  3. ^ Earley, Authors: Caitlin C. The Mesoamerican Ballgame | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. [2024-08-05] (英语). 

延伸阅读

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Berdan, Frances F. The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology 2nd. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. ISBN 0-534-62728-5. OCLC 55880584. 
California State University, Los Angeles, Department of Anthropology, "Proyecto Ulama 2003"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed October 2007.
Carrasco, David; Scott Sessions. Daily Life of the Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. The Greenwood Press "Daily Life Through History" series ISSN 1080-4749. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. 1998. ISBN 0-313-29558-1. OCLC 37552549. 
Christenson, Allen J. Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya: The Great Classic of Central American Spirituality. University of Oklahoma Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3839-8. 
Colas, Pierre; Alexander Voss. A Game of Life and Death – The Maya Ball Game. Nikolai Grube英语Nikolai Grube (ed.) (编). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne, Germany: Könemann. 2006: 186–191. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439. 
Espinoza, Mauricio. El Corazón del Juego: El Juego de Pelota Mesoamericano como Texto Cultural en la Narrativa y el Cine Contemporáneo. Istmo. 2002, 4 [2019-01-28]. ISSN 1535-2315. (原始内容存档于2007-05-24) (西班牙语). 
Foster, Lynn V. Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World. Facts on File Library of World History. New York: Facts On File. 2002. ISBN 0-8160-4148-2. 
Hosler, Dorothy; Sandra Burkett; Michael Tarkanian. Prehistoric Polymers: Rubber Processing in Ancient Mesoamerica. Science. 1999-06-18, 284 (5422): 1988–1991. PMID 10373117. doi:10.1126/science.284.5422.1988. 
McKillop, Heather I. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-697-0. OCLC 56558696. 
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Recent Acquisitions, A selection 2001–2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2002, LX (2). ISSN 0026-1521. 
Miller, Mary Ellen. The Maya Ballgame: Rebirth in the Court of Life and Death. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art英语Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson英语Thames & Hudson. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226. 
Miller, Mary Ellen; Simon Martin. Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames & Hudson英语Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05129-1. OCLC 54799516. 
Wilcox, David R. The Mesoamerican Ballgame in the American Southwest. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press英语University of Arizona Press. 1991: 101–125. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562. 
Zender, Mark. Glyphs for "Handspan" and "Strike" in Classic Maya Ballgame Texts (PDF). The PARI Journal. 2004, IV (4) [2019-01-28]. ISSN 0003-8113. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-09-10). 

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